An Uncommon Site of Cutaneous Leiomyoma on the Heel of the Foot

Leiomyomas are common benign tumours of smooth muscles, often occurring in the uterine muscle wall. These growths usually appear during a woman’s reproductive years and are not malignant. Leiomyomas are quite common and impact a large percentage of women worldwide. Occasionally, leiomyomas can be located in the extremities and cause pain due to compression effects. Typically, foot leiomyomas appear as a lump or mass in the soft tissue of the foot that grows slowly. They are normally painless, but pain or discomfort occurs when the growth affects or compresses the surrounding tissues or nerves. Although the precise cause of leiomyomas is unknown, it is thought that hormone changes, genetics, and other unidentified factors play a role in their incidence. Cutaneous leiomyomas are most often benign, and surgical removal can benefit patients in terms of pain management or symptom relief. Leiomyomas of the foot are uncommon. The present case report illustrates the clinical, radiographic, and pathological findings of a rare subcutaneous leiomyoma in the foot. The authors present the case of a 50-year-old woman who visited the Outpatient Department (OPD) complaining of swelling over the back of her left heel. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the ankle depicted the characteristics of the swelling, which was confirmed as leiomyoma through Immunohistochemical (IHC) tumour markers {Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)}. The lesion was surgically excised, and histopathology of the excised sample revealed leiomyoma

Surprises in the urinary bladder

Bhushan Wani1, Suhas Jajoo1, Navinchandra Wani2, Anil Bhole11Department of Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, India; 2Department of Surgery, Annasaheb Chudaman Patil Memorial Medical College, Dhule, IndiaAbstract: Foreign bodies of the urinary bladder may occur by self insertion, iatrogenic means or migration from the neighbouring organs. The variety of objects found self-inserted is impressive. The patient usually presents with dysuria, poor urinary stream or retention, bloody or purulent urethral discharge, ascending urinary tract infection, urgency, and/or pelvic pain. Management should be tailored according to the nature and dimensions of the foreign body. In the following paper, we report three cases with different presentations that were managed successfully.Keywords: urinary, bladder, foreign bodie

Correlation of microvessel density with histopathological parameters of carcinoma breast

Background & objectives: Microvessel density (MVD) is a surrogate measure of tumour angiogenesis, and is well known for over two decades to identify individuals with a high risk of recurrence with greater prevision than traditional markers. This study aims to assess the utility of MVD and its correlation with the Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) and other routine histopathological parameters in carcinoma breast. Methods: This two year retrospective, cross-sectional and analytical study evaluated 143 women with breast cancer presenting to rural tertiary hospital in central India. These women were graded histopathologically, the immunophenotype was determined using ER (estrogen receptor), PR (progesterone receptor), Her2 neu (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 neu) and Ki-67 proliferation index (Kiel-67) immunohistochemical markers and anti-CD34 antibody to stain the endothelial cell clusters displaying the microvessels. The NPI was generated for each participant based on the tumour size, histologic grade and involvement of lymph node. The parameters were compared with the CD34 scores. Differential and inferential statistics, including the independent t test, analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and point biserial correlation coefficient, were used for statistical analysis. Results: This study showed that CD34 values ranged from 6-36 microvessels/hpf, with 24.16±6.77 microvessels/hpf as the mean. The mean microvessel counts showed a significant positive correlation with the Bloom–Richardson histological grade, vascular invasion, LN (lymph node) positivity and NPI. However, there was no significant correlation of CD34 values with the participant's age, tumour size neither any significant association of CD34 values with the individual's immunophenotype. Interpretations & conclusions: A positive linear correlation of the microvessel counts and the NPI scores suggest that with an increase in tumour angiogenesis, there was increased proliferative potential. Based on the significant correlation between the microvessel counts and the vascular invasion of the tumour masses in this study, it can be assumed that there will be vascular invasion if the microvessel count is higher and vice-versa. Although it is established that angiogenesis and neovascularization are required for the expansion of the solid tumour tissue, the heterogeneous nature of this entity makes it difficult for obtaining a linear correlation. Hence, it is suggested that though neovascularization permits advanced tumour spread it, however, does not guarantee it