Short Term Effects of Antimicrobial Agent Triclosan on Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852): Biochemical and Genetic Alterations

Background: Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent which enters into the aquatic environment through wastewater discharges which causes potential health risk in human and aquatic organisms. The present study aimed to determine the toxic effects of triclosan on Oreochromis mossambicus. Methods: The fishes were subjected to five different concentrations viz. 131, 262, 523, 1046 and 2092 µg.l-1 of triclosan for 96 h acute toxicity test. To evaluate the levels of enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S transferase, brain and liver tissues were collected, homogenized, extracted and stored at -20° for further analysis. The DNA damage was assessed in gill and liver tissues using single cell gel electrophoresis method. Result: In present study, the calculated 96 h LC50 value of triclosan in O. mossambicus was 740 µg.l-1 and the fishes showed various behavioural alterations. Time and dose dependent inhibition of AChE activity in brain tissue was observed during acute toxicity test. However, the GST activity in liver tissue increased on exposure to triclosan with significant increase in concentration of toxicant. DNA damage index was higher in gill tissue compared to the liver tissue during acute exposure to TCS which could cause detrimental effects in fishes. </jats:p

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Not AvailableThis work is intended to optimize the composition of marine-based biopolymers for desirable packaging material properties. The quantity optimization was sought by empirical response surface methodology. To achieve the goal, Box–Behnken model was applied to the concentration of three independent variables, viz. gelatin (1.0–2.0% w/v), agar (1.0–2.0% w/v) and chitosan (1.0–2.0% w/v). Glycerol was used as a plasticizer and kept constant (25% w/w to total solid mass). The overall desirability function fits with the quadratic model at a 100% level of significance for the optimization of gelatin (1.98% w/v), agar (1.98 w/v) and chitosan (1.94% w/v) to reach minimum water vapor permeability and maximum tensile strength, elongation at break and puncture resistance. The absolute residual error (1.77 to 4.40%) of the experiment and the predicted responses were also validated. The thermal stability (TGA), crystalline structures (XRD), molecular interactions (ATR-FTIR) and topography (AFM) showed that the resultant GAC composite film has a gray color (WI), improved transparency (T) and suitable mechanical strength (WVP, TS, EB and PR) due to existence of hydrogen bonds in uniform granular network and crystallization pattern. The gelatin and agar were supported by chitosan for the reasonably acceptable film properties.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe present study intended to develop improved biopolymer film from seaweed polysaccharides. The quantity optimization of polysaccharides for the composite film was sought by empirical response surface methodology. To achieve the goal, Box – Behnken model was applied to the concentration of three independent variables, viz. agar (1.0 – 2.0 % w / v ), alginate (1.0 – 2.0 % w / v ) and carrageenan (1.0 – 2.0 % w / v ). The glycerol was used as a plasticizer and kept constant (25 % w / w ) for total solid mass. The overall desirability function fits with the quadratic model at 99.78 % level of significance for the optimization of agar (1.99 % w / v), alginate (1.45 w / v) and carrageenan (2.0 % w / v) to reach minimum water vapor permeability and maximum tensile strength, elongation at break and puncture resistance. The absolute residual error (1.04 – 3.37 % ) of experimental and predicted response was also validated. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the interactions such as stretching at 2900 per cm region corresponded to C – H stretching vibration and an intensity peak observed at 1200 cm−1 of AAC film corresponded to sulfate ester groups. The shift in crystalline nature of composite film was confirmed by XRD. The 3D image of atomic force microscopy showed layer-by-layer assembly of intermolecules at 310-nm resolution, and the characterized smooth surface has more functional application. The carrageenan and agar are found to be more responsible for the film properties such as moisture content, thickness, whiteness index, transparency, swelling and erosion than alginate.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe aim of the study has been to develop a biodegradable film from marine polysaccharides. The optimization of polysaccharides quantity for the composite film was sought by empirical response surface methodology. The Box–Behnken Model Design was applied to optimize the concentration of chitosan (1.0-2.0% (w/v)), agar (1.0- 2.0% (w/v)) and glycerol (0.1-0.5% (w/v)) as independent variables to achieve the goal. The overall desirability function fits with the quadratic model (0.862043) at a significant level (p < 0.05) for the optimum concentration of chitosan (1.5% (w/v)), agar (2.0% (w/v)) and glycerol (0.41% (w/v)) to obtain the minimum water vapor permeability (7.25 10-10g m m-2 Pa-1 s-1) and maximum tensile strength (12.21 Ma P), elongation at break (7.32%) and puncture resistance (16.18 N) in the optimized composite film. The absolute residual errors of experimental and predicted responses were between 1.24 and 3.56% acceptable levels. Attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the intermolecular non-covalent hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl groups of agar and glycerol with the amino group of chitosan. 3D atomic force microscopy images revealed that the chitosan, agar and glycerol film has layer-by-layer smooth surface properties due to homogenous interaction among the polysaccharides; this provides the film with good mechanical properties and with functional application. Chitosan was found to be responsible for the lower level of water vapor permeability and higher puncture resistance of the film. Tensile strength and elongation at break were influenced by agar and glycerol. The whiteness of the film was negatively affected with the concentration of chitosan.Not Availabl

DEVELOPMENT OF A BIODEGRADABLE COMPOSITE FILM FROM CHITOSAN, AGAR AND GLYCEROL BASED ON OPTIMIZATION PROCESS BY RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

The aim of the study has been to develop a biodegradable film from marine polysaccharides. The optimization of polysaccharides quantity for the composite film was sought by empirical response surface methodology. The Box–Behnken Model Design was applied to optimize the concentration of chitosan (1.0-2.0% (w/v), agar (1.0-2.0% (w/v) and glycerol (0.1-0.5% (w/v) as independent variables to achieve the goal. The overall desirability function fits with the quadratic model (0.862043) at a significant level (p &lt; 0.05) for the optimum concentration of chitosan (1.5% (w/v), agar (2.0% (w/v) and glycerol (0.41% (w/v) to obtain the minimum water vapor permeability (7.25 10-10g m m-2 Pa-1 s-1) and maximum tensile strength (12.21 Ma P), elongation at break (7.32%) and puncture resistance (16.18 N) in the optimized composite film. The absolute residual errors of experimental and predicted responses were between 1.24 and 3.56% acceptable levels. Attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the intermolecular non-covalent hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl groups of agar and glycerol with the amino group of chitosan. 3D atomic force microscopy images revealed that the chitosan, agar and glycerol film has layer-by-layer smooth surface properties due to homogenous interaction among the polysaccharides; this provides the film with good mechanical properties and with functional application. Chitosan was found to be responsible for the lower level of water vapor permeability and higher puncture resistance of the film. Tensile strength and elongation at break were influenced by agar and glycerol. The whiteness of the film was negatively affected with the concentration of chitosan.</jats:p