Evaluating the Rationale Understanding of Critical Reasoning in Logical Reading Comprehension

To precisely evaluate a language model's capability for logical reading comprehension, we present a dataset for testing the understanding of the rationale behind critical reasoning. For questions taken from an existing multiplechoice logical reading comprehension dataset, we crowdsource rationale texts that explain why we should select or eliminate answer options, resulting in 3,003 multiple-choice subquestions that are associated with 943 main questions. Experiments on our dataset show that recent large language models (e.g., InstructGPT) struggle to answer the subquestions even if they are able to answer the main questions correctly. We find that the models perform particularly poorly in answering subquestions written for the incorrect options of the main questions, implying that the models have a limited capability for explaining why incorrect alternatives should be eliminated. These results suggest that our dataset encourages further investigation into the critical reasoning ability of language models while focusing on the elimination process of relevant alternatives.Comment: Accepted to EMNLP 202

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論文

Evaluation of contrast visual acuity in patients with retinitis pigmentosa

Kazumi Oomachi1, Kazuha Ogata2, Takeshi Sugawara2, Akira Hagiwara2, Akira Hata1, Shuichi Yamamoto21Department of Public Health; 2Department of Ophthalmology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, JapanBackground: The purpose of this study was to determine visual acuity at different contrast levels under photopic and mesopic conditions in patients with retinitis pigmentosa.Methods: Sixty eyes of 31 normal controls, 92 eyes of 52 patients with retinitis pigmentosa without other ocular disorders (RP-1 group), and 20 eyes of 14 patients with retinitis pigmentosa with cataracts and without other ocular disorders (RP-2 group) were studied. Conventional visual acuity was measured using a conventional Landolt ring chart with 100% contrast and luminance of 150 cd/m2. All of the patients with retinitis pigmentosa had a decimal visual acuity better than 1.0. Contrast visual acuity was measured with the same Landolt ring chart with contrasts of 100% and 10% and under photopic (200 cd/m2) and mesopic (10 cd/m2) conditions. Decimal visual acuities were converted to logMAR units for the analyses.Results: The 100% contrast visual acuity and the 10% contrast visual acuity determined under both photopic and mesopic conditions were significantly poorer in both the RP-1 and RP-2 groups than in the controls. The differences between the conventional visual acuity and the 100% contrast visual acuity were significantly greater in the RP-1 and RP-2 groups than in the controls under both photopic and mesopic conditions. The differences between the 100% contrast visual acuity and the 10% contrast visual acuity were not significant among the three groups under photopic and mesopic conditions.Conclusion: Contrast visual acuities were greatly reduced in patients with retinitis pigmentosa with relatively well preserved conventional visual acuity, and the contrast visual acuity was largely influenced by ambient light levels in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Although a longitudinal study for confirmation has to be performed, our findings indicate that contrast visual acuity is a better test to follow changes in visual function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa.Keywords: retinitis pigmentosa, contrast visual acuity, photopic vision, mesopic visio

Experimental study on dynamic pipe fracture in consideration of hydropower plant model

AbstractIn the case of sudden valve closure, water hammer creates the most powerful pressure and damage to pipeline systems. The best way to protect the pipeline system is to eliminate water hammer. The main reasons for water hammer occurrence are valve closure, high initial velocity, and static pressure. However, it is difficult to eliminate water hammer. Water hammer tends to occur when the valve is being closed. In this study, the pipe fracture caused by static water pressure, gradually increasing pressure, and suddenly increasing pressure were compared experimentally in a breaking PVC test pipe. The quasi-static zone, the dynamic zone, and the transition zone are defined through the results of those experiments, with consideration of the fracture patterns of test pipes and impulses. The maximum pressure results were used to design the pipeline even though it is in the dynamic zone

Development of a momentum vector measurement instrument in steady-state plasmas

Momentum vector measurement instrument yielding individual and simultaneous identification of local fluxes of momentum components in two different directions, i.e., vector-resolved force, is developed for understanding momentum transport in plasmas and the thrust generation mechanisms of a helicon plasma thruster. A detector plate is attached to a rotational arm connected to a pivot, which has a structure accessible to the inside of the thruster and is mounted on an axially movable balance structure. Simultaneous measurements of displacements of the rotational arm and the axially movable balance give the fluxes of the two different components of the momentum flowing into the detector surface, respectively, e.g., the radial and axial components. The detailed calibration results and the displacement signals induced by applying known forces in a bench test are shown. The results show that the presently developed technique gives resolutions of about 10 μN in the two different directions independently

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The purpose of this study was to compare the advantages of different fields of view (FOV) between Linear, Sector, and real-time panoramic view (SieScape^TM) in B-mode ultrasonography for the maxillofacial region. This prospective study included 103 maxillofacial examinations of 60 patients with space-occupying lesions and/or suspected of metastatic regional lymph nodes from oral cancer. These lesions were examined by ultrasonographic study with three different kinds of FOV, including Linear, Sector, and SieScape^. These images were digitally recorded and compared. Each examination was classified into 5 maxillofacial anatomical parts, 1) buccal & lip part, 2) parotid gland part, 3) submandibular part, 4) submental & sublingual part, and 5) neck part. The advantage of FOV was evaluated according to these anatomical parts. 1) Buccal & lip part: 16 examinations were collected. Linear and/or sector FOV provided sufficient images for observing the lesion and adjoining anatomical landmarks. 2) Parotid gland part: 7 examinations were obtained. The whole gland could be observed only in SieScape^ in a single image. 3) Submandibular part: 43 examinations were obtained. The whole submandibular gland could be observed in Sector FOV, which was also useful to observe the structure adjoining the mandible, because the slanting ultrasound beam avoided the lingual mandibular bone and the deeper structure of the gland could be observed. Furthermore, for cases with many submandibular lymph nodes, sagittal SieScape^ images provided a suitable reference image for later observation. 4) Submental & sublingual part: Linear FOV provided sufficient images. Sector FOV was also useful, if the lesion was large or located next to the mandible. 5) Neck part: The quality of diagnostic information did not differ between the three kinds of FOVs employed here, since this area was too large to observe in a single image. Furthermore, the exact location was hard to identify in the later evaluation since the anatomic structures did not much differ between upper and middle neck portions. In the ultrasonographic examination of the maxillofacial area, we should select proper FOV to obtain useful diagnostic information