Study of metopic suture in south Indian skulls

Background: The cranial sutures and their development is the most interesting in the field of cranial growing and shaping. Metopism is partially or totally persisting suture extending from the nasion to the anterior angle of the bregma of frontal bone.  Methods: Total 100 human adult dry skulls were collected from south India for present study to find out the incidence of metopic suture.  Results: Out of 100 skulls, found one complete and one incomplete metopic suture.Conclusions: Present study may be useful for diagnostic and surgical intervention, particularly during frontal craniotomy

Histogenesis of human foetal cerebellar cortex

The objective of present study is to describe the prenatal histogenesis of human cerebellar cortex. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the various histological features of human foetal cerebellum in spontaneously aborted fetuses of different gestational ages for analyzing the cerebellar histology. Histogenesis of cerebellum is observed from 13 weeks to 36 weeks of gestational age by dividing the specimens into six gestational age groups (group A to group F). External granular layer is observed at 13 weeks of gestation and purkinje cell layer is arranged at 17 weeks as a multilayered and single layer at 36 weeks of gestation. The knowledge of cerebellar anatomy has a tremendous neurosurgical importance. Future investigations might involve evaluation of the cerebellum at other gestational ages.Keywords: Cerebellum, Histogenesis, Purkinje cel

Incidence of Third Head of Biceps Brachii in South Indian Population

Additional heads of the biceps brachii muscle of arm have the clinical importance, because they mislead the surgeon in arm surgical procedures. Existence of such variation is one of the reasons for neurovascular compression in the arm region. The present study was conducted to find out the incidence of third head of biceps brachii among 80 samples in South Indian population. The third head of biceps brachii was found in right side in one case which was 13.7 cm in length and arising from antero medial wall of lower part of shaft of humerus. Incidence of the study is 1.25% in South Indians. Occurrence of supernumerary third head of biceps is rare in Indian population

Atrazine Toxicity: The Possible Role of Natural Products for Effective Treatment

There are various herbicides which were used in the agriculture industry. Atrazine (ATZ) is a chlorinated triazine herbicide that consists of a ring structure, known as the triazine ring, along with a chlorine atom and five nitrogen atoms. ATZ is a water-soluble herbicide, which makes it capable of easily infiltrating into majority of the aquatic ecosystems. There are reports of toxic effects of ATZ on different systems of the body but, unfortunately, majority of these scientific reports were documented in animals. The herbicide was reported to enter the body through various routes. The toxicity of the herbicide can cause deleterious effects on the respiratory, reproductive, endocrine, central nervous system, gastrointestinal, and urinary systems of the human body. Alarmingly, few studies in industrial workers showed ATZ exposure leading to cancer. We embarked on the present review to discuss the mechanism of action of ATZ toxicity for which there is no specific antidote or drug. Evidence-based published literature on the effective use of natural products such as lycopene, curcumin, Panax ginseng, Spirulina platensis, Fucoidans, vitamin C, soyabeans, quercetin, L-carnitine, Telfairia occidentalis, vitamin E, Garcinia kola, melatonin, selenium, Isatis indigotica, polyphenols, Acacia nilotica, and Zingiber officinale were discussed in detail. In the absence of any particular allopathic drug, the present review may open the doors for future drug design involving the natural products and their active compounds

Hypoplastic posterior tibial artery and the enlarged peroneal artery supplying the posterior crural region: a rare variation Artéria tibial posterior hipoplásica e a artéria peroneal aumentada suprindo a região crural posterior: uma variação rara

Arterial variations of distal parts of lower extremities are well-documented and can be demonstrated with the help of Doppler ultrasound or by arteriography. However, absence or variation of posterior tibial artery is considered a rare finding. We present a case of hypoplastic posterior tibial artery that terminated by supplying soleus muscle. The variant arterial supply to the sole was provided by the enlarged peroneal artery that continued as the lateral plantar artery. The awareness of these variations is important to vascular surgeons while performing arterial reconstructions in femorodistal bypass graft procedures, and also to orthopedists during surgical clubfoot release.<br>Variações arteriais de partes distais dos membros inferiores estão bem documentadas e podem ser demonstradas com o auxílio de ultra-sonografia Doppler ou por arteriografia. Entretanto, a ausência ou variação da artéria tibial posterior é um raro achado. Apresentamos um caso de artéria tibial posterior hipoplásica que terminava suprindo o músculo solear. Esse suprimento arterial variante foi fornecido pela artéria peroneal aumentada que continuava como artéria plantar lateral. Estar consciente dessas variações é importante para cirurgiões vasculares ao realizarem reconstruções arteriais em procedimentos de derivação femorodistal, bem como para ortopedistas durante correção cirúrgica do pé torto