A Rebuttal to the Attack on the Indeterminate Sentence

As the preceding sentence indicates, the indeterminate sentence has recently come under attack. Although criticisms that should be considered seriously can be directed at the indeterminate sentence, the time for its abolition has not yet arrived. This article will discuss the history and treatment philosophy underlying the indeterminate sentence, but will not consider all the objections to the indeterminate sentence. Rather, the focus will be on the philosophical and practical problems of implementing the treatment philosophy. It will conclude that the system itself should not be viewed as solely responsible for its shortcomings because abuses of the system, as well as practical problems of implementation, are responsible for the current dissatisfaction

Responding to COVID-19 in the National Health Service in England: positive changes and learning for Knowledge for Healthcare

The article provides an overview of the response from the Health Education England library and knowledge services team to the COVID-19 pandemic. The article covers activity and initiatives that were put in place in England from March 2020 to address challenges and issues arising for library and knowledge services delivering to the National Health Service. The article reflects on the learning from the developments that have been implemented to date and considers the positive changes that have arisen in the continued delivery against five national, strategic drivers

Accelerating U.S. Clean Energy Deployment: Investor Policy Priorities

International investment to mitigate climate change is far below levels needed to reach the two-degree target. The International Energy Agency estimates that an average of an additional $1 trillion in incremental financing for clean energy is needed to meet the temperature target. In September 2014, over 350 investors representing$24 trillion in assets issued the Global Investor Statement on Climate Change, calling on governments to create an ambitious global agreement that includes a meaningful price on carbon -- the "Clean Trillion."This paper connects the Clean Trillion goal to the current United States climate and clean energy policy framework, which is a mixture of federal, state, and local initiatives. The paper outlines the 2015 U.S. policy priorities of the Policy Working Group of the Investor Network on Climate Risk (INCR), a network of more than 110 institutional investors primarily based in the U.S., focused on investment risks and opportunities associated with climate change

A Study of Max Reinhardt's Treatment of Ensemble Acting

It is the purpose of this thesis to show that Max Reinhardt made a definite contribution to the theatre through ensemble acting

Amorphous metallic alloys: a new advance in thin-film diffusion barriers for copper metallization

Copper, which has a lower electrical resistivity and a higher resistance to electromigration than aluminum, is currently being evaluated for ULSI applications as a replacement for aluminum. Drawbacks to the use of copper include its strong tendency to oxidation, a high mobility in metals and semiconductors, and a high reactivity with silicon at temperatures as low as 200°C. To overcome these problems, very effective diffusion barriers need to be developed. These barriers should have a low diffusivity for copper, a high thermal stability, and should lack a driving force for chemical reactions with Cu, silicon or silicides. Unlike aluminum, copper does not form stable intermetallic compounds with the transition metals of the V and Cr groups, and the mutual solid solubilities of these metals with Cu are low, so that these metals would seem th be a logical choice for barrier applications. It has long been known, however, that these arguments are misleading[1]. Previous studies have indeed shown Cu diffuses through grain boundaries and defects in a tantalum layer and inth silicon at a relatively low temperature (450°C) causing a failure of devices[2,3]. The effectiveness of non-reactive and insoluble tantalum barriers can be improved by adding impurities like oxygen or nitrogen th stuff grain boundaries of the material in order th suppress fast grain boundary diffusion[4]. It is difficult, however to reproducibly improve the effectiveness of barriers by adjusting the level of impurities. Since amorphous alloys lack grain boundaries that can act as fast diffusion paths, they should offer an improved alternative for effective barriers [5-71. In this paper we report on the properties and diffusion barrier performance of amorphous tantalum and tungsten silicides and tantalum-silicon-nitrogen ternary alloys [3,81 for Cu metallizations

Using the DIAL-F systems model as the conceptual framework for an audit of in-patient falls resk management

Most interventions for managing (reducing) the risks associated with in-patient falls have used a clinical approach to address underlying frailty and illness (physical and mental) with drugs, technology and therapy. This paper reports the results of a two stage audit on in-patient falls risk management at two teaching hospitals in the UK in July 2013 using the DIAL-F systems model as a Human Factors/Ergonomics (HFE) conceptual framework to explore patient engagement with falls risk management. Some safety critical system misalignments were found, and it is suggested that a future HFE intervention might include addressing the problems of (1) reach distances to walking aids and (2) obstacles in the bedside area for patients needing mobility assistance

Population ecology and conservation of red-billed choughs in Scotland. Final report on Knowledge Transfer Project

This report summarises the results of a Knowledge Transfer Research Project that was undertaken by Dr Jane Reid (University of Aberdeen), Professor Pat Monaghan, (University of Glasgow), Dr Eric and Mrs Sue Bignal (Scottish Chough Study Group) and Dr Davy McCracken (Scottish Agricultural College). Dr Maria Bogdanova was employed as the postdoctoral research assistant on the project. The work was carried out in partnership with Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB). Funding was provided by a Knowledge Transfer Grant from the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC, PIs P. Monaghan & J. Reid), with matching partnership funding and in-kind support from SNH and RSPB. The overall aims of the project were to develop the scientific understanding of the population ecology of choughs on Islay, and to use this understanding to inform the development of appropriate conservation strategies and policies. The project built on existing long-term research on Islay’s choughs. It involved further analysis of long-term data, plus two years of intensive fieldwork designed to answer specific questions. The work aimed primarily to understand the ecology of choughs in their sub-adult years (ie, from fledging to breeding age). Survival from fledging to breeding is a key factor in causing population change. However, relatively little was previously known about the behaviour and ecology of choughs during this time. This report provides an overview of the results of the scientific study and focuses on presenting the scientific evidence on which resulting recommendations for chough conservation management on Islay are based. The report is written with the intention of presenting the results of the data analyses, and the rationale underlying those analyses, in a way that is accessible to non-specialists. Further details of analyses and technicalities are provided in published, peer-reviewed papers and/or are available on request. The report provides information that will be of use to policy makers and conservation practitioners, and also highlights topics where further research is required before informed management decisions can be taken

Within-year and among-year variation in impacts of targeted conservation management on juvenile survival in a threatened population

Acknowledgements We thank all Islay landowners and farmers who allowed access to nest sites and supported supplementary feeding, especially Donald Jones and Robert and Tom Epps, and everyone who contributed to fieldwork and data collection. We thank NatureScot for funding supplementary feeding, led by Rae McKenzie, Jess Shaw and Des Thompson, and Royal Society for the Protection of Birds for logistic support. This work was supported by a Natural Environment Research Council iCASE studentship (NE/P009719/1) with NatureScot, and the Scottish Government’s 2011-2016 and 2016-2021 Strategic Research Programmes. Open access via Wiley agreement.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Amorphous metallic alloys: a new advance in thin-film diffusion barriers for copper metallization

Copper, which has a lower electrical resistivity and a higher resistance to electromigration than aluminum, is currently being evaluated for ULSI applications as a replacement for aluminum. Drawbacks to the use of copper include its strong tendency to oxidation, a high mobility in metals and semiconductors, and a high reactivity with silicon at temperatures as low as 200°C. To overcome these problems, very effective diffusion barriers need to be developed. These barriers should have a low diffusivity for copper, a high thermal stability, and should lack a driving force for chemical reactions with Cu, silicon or silicides. Unlike aluminum, copper does not form stable intermetallic compounds with the transition metals of the V and Cr groups, and the mutual solid solubilities of these metals with Cu are low, so that these metals would seem th be a logical choice for barrier applications. It has long been known, however, that these arguments are misleading[1]. Previous studies have indeed shown Cu diffuses through grain boundaries and defects in a tantalum layer and inth silicon at a relatively low temperature (450°C) causing a failure of devices[2,3]. The effectiveness of non-reactive and insoluble tantalum barriers can be improved by adding impurities like oxygen or nitrogen th stuff grain boundaries of the material in order th suppress fast grain boundary diffusion[4]. It is difficult, however to reproducibly improve the effectiveness of barriers by adjusting the level of impurities. Since amorphous alloys lack grain boundaries that can act as fast diffusion paths, they should offer an improved alternative for effective barriers [5-71. In this paper we report on the properties and diffusion barrier performance of amorphous tantalum and tungsten silicides and tantalum-silicon-nitrogen ternary alloys [3,81 for Cu metallizations