Advances in Natural Language Question Answering: A Review

Question Answering has recently received high attention from artificial intelligence communities due to the advancements in learning technologies. Early question answering models used rule-based approaches and moved to the statistical approach to address the vastly available information. However, statistical approaches are shown to underperform in handling the dynamic nature and the variation of language. Therefore, learning models have shown the capability of handling the dynamic nature and variations in language. Many deep learning methods have been introduced to question answering. Most of the deep learning approaches have shown to achieve higher results compared to machine learning and statistical methods. The dynamic nature of language has profited from the nonlinear learning in deep learning. This has created prominent success and a spike in work on question answering. This paper discusses the successes and challenges in question answering question answering systems and techniques that are used in these challenges

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Not AvailablePopulations of Megalaspis cordyla (horse mackerel) from four areas, two each from the east (Digha and Mandapam regions in the Bay of Bengal) and west (Cochin and Mumbai regions of the Arabian Sea) coasts of the Indian peninsula were studied based on conventional morphometry and meristics. Digital photographs of individual shes were taken to extract 20 morphometric variables. Nine meristic characters were also counted. The analysis of variance of five morphometric traits showed significant difference between the fish samples of east and west coasts and those traits were eye diameter, prepelvic length, preanal length, anal fin length and caudal peduncle depth. The four traits that revealed location-wise variations were head length, preorbital length, second dorsal fin length and anal fin length. The chi-square test of meristic traits showed significant variation between the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea populations and also between the Mandapam and Digha populations. The morphometric and meristic study clearly revealed variations in morphometric traits of fishes from Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, which are definitely sufficient to separate these populations.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableHarpadon nehereus, commonly known as ‘Bombay duck’, is a fish with a discontinuous distribution along the Indian peninsula. The fisheries are dominant on the north‐east and north‐west coast but are absent in commercial landings below 15° north latitude. Heretofore stock assessment studies had not considered the various spawning stock components that replenish this fishery, therefore the present study. Fish samples were collected from four locations: two each from the northeast and the northwest coasts. Twenty‐four morphometric variables were measured using a box‐truss network method. Factor analysis of these variables differentiated the east and the west coast fish populations. Multiple comparisons on the factor scores indicated two independent stocks on the east coast, whereas the fishery on the west coast is replenished by a single stock. The important morphometric traits that accounted for most of the stock variations were related to swimming adaptations of the fish. Future stock assessments can consider the population on the west coast as a single stock when formulating management plans. To harvest the resource in a sustainable manner, the maritime states on the west coast should adopt collaborative efforts towards managing this fishery.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableMany species of prolific breeding fishes support massive biomass of juveniles during and just after their peak breeding season. This kind of huge standing stock at a particular season facilitates small scale artisanal or subsistence fisheries specifically targeting these stocks, which extent for very short duration. In inland aquatic systems like reservoirs and streams with riparian fisher folk, the opportunity to exploit the juvenile population is high depending upon the approachability of the water bodies and livelihood options of the riparian fishers. In case the situation is similar to the well-known adage 'the fishery is the activity of last resort', the probability for such small scale juvenile fishery to exist is very high. Many a times, small scale seasonal fisheries go unnoticed and their relevance and contribution to the livelihoods of riparian population is undermined, especially in the remote inland water bodies such as reservoirs. Such sort of intense but very seasonal targeted fishing activity was observed in Hirakud reservoir situated in the state of Orissa in north eastern India.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableKerala state (India) experienced a devastating flood event during the month of August 2018 which has brought considerable changes to the environment and ecosystem, especially to rivers. One of the worst affected basin was Pampa river which experienced a severe flood. Aims of this investigation were to define the quality of Pampa river water after the flood. The analysis of physico-chemical parameters indicated transitory variations from pre-flood status as reported by former workers. The pre-flood neutral to the acidic property of water shifted towards alkaline conditions throughout the river stretch post flood. Alkalinity and salinity was almost twice the pre-flood scenario, though the values were within the ranges required for fish survival and growth. Decreased conductivity and increased dissolved oxygen were also the major changes observed post flood. The study indicates that this large-scale flood resulted in a considerable reduction in the concentration of heavy metals and nutrients in the water. Based on water quality index, spatially Pampa river water can be categorised from ‘Good’ to ‘Unsuitable’ category. The cluster analysis distinctly differentiates the middle stream stations from lower stream stations. PCA/FA loadings indicate that electrical conductivity, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, and PO43 – P show strong positive loadings which indicate that salinity factor and natural weathering are the main factors controlling the water quality. This information would be practical to forecast the health of the ecosystem after the flood and also to develop adequate management plans.Not Availabl

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