Significance of HbA1c test is a stable indicator of triglycerides in diagnosis and prognosis of diabetic patients

Background: The main purpose of the study was to highlight the relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and triglyceride levels in type 2 DM. Insulin resistance is associated with the elevated triglycerides (TG), and persons with type-2 diabetes are insulin resistant However, it is unknown what level of glycemia that causes an increase in TGL. Hence Therefore I am interested to determine the quantitative relationship between the hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) and TGL.Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at GVPIHC&MT Marikavalasa, Visakhapatnam-4. The study population included 100 patients (not discriminate Male/ Female) of type 2 DM not on lipid lowering medication and 100 subjects without DM as controls from the department of General Medicine. For statistical analysis, Chi-square and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to find the association between triglyceride and HbA1c.Results: The association of high triglyceride was evaluated in type 2 DM group of HbA1c, with a cut-off value 7% patients had high triglycerides and showed a significant association with high HbA1c levels at p<0.0001.Conclusions: It has been shown from this study Triacylglycerol level are high with HbA1c (with a cut-off value 7%) level was found higher in diabetic patients when compared with the controls. Therefore, proper glycemic control should be maintained by maintaining HbA1c level less than 6.0% to prevent multifactorial disorder of diabetic complications

Precision Mining of Gene-Disease Associations via Frequent Itemset Analysis and Bioinformatics Integration

Biomedical text mining involves the extraction of relevant information from biomedical datasets. It plays a crucial role in genetic research, especially in the development of new drugs where understanding the relationships between genes and diseases is vital. This study introduces a method for generating sets of candidate genes associated with diseases, employing frequent itemset mining for analysis. Genes are ranked based on parameters such as maximum frequent itemset size and gene symbol frequency. This approach aims for precision and efficiency compared to traditional laboratory-based methods, providing highly accurate associations and uncovering novel relationships. Unlike time-consuming laboratory methods, our proposed approach leverages data from the NCBI (National Centre for Biotechnology Information database )via Entrez and utilizes bioinformatics tools like blast for indirect gene associations. Genes exhibiting single nucleotide polymorphisms are identified as indirect genes. The outcomes of this research are anticipated to contribute significantly to biomedical research by offering precise and valuable associations, thereby advancing our understanding of gene-disease relationships.

Histopathological Image Classification Methods and Techniques in Deep Learning Field

A cancerous tumour in a woman's breast, Histopathology detects breast cancer. Histopathological images are a hotspot for medical study since they are difficult to judge manually. In addition to helping doctors identify and treat patients, this image classification can boost patient survival. This research addresses the merits and downsides of deep learning methods for histopathology imaging of breast cancer. The study's histopathology image classification and future directions are reviewed. Automatic histopathological image analysis often uses complete supervised learning where we can feed the labeled dataset to model for the classification. The research methods are frequentlytrust on feature extraction techniques tailored to specific challenges, such as texture, spatial, graph-based, and morphological features. Many deep learning models are also created for picture classification. There are various deep learning methods for classifying histopathology images

Introduction

Everything that we see on this earth is an imitation, be it a human being, animal, or plant; each of them is a memory of something/someone who already existed. Memory studies is a multidisciplinary field of knowledge that engages in understanding the ability to use memory as a tool in remembering/forgetting the past. Memory studies as a branch of knowledge began its presence by forging concepts of cultural memory to demand special focus from scholars of anthropology, education, literature, history, philosophy, psychology, and sociology, among others. Discussing the way memory studies began growing, Roediger and Wertsch&nbsp; write that, “Over the past few decades, collective memory has become a topic of renewed interest in the humanities and social sciences and is now a key part of emerging interdisciplinary activity in ‘‘memory studies’’ (Roediger &amp; Wertsch, 2008). French sociologist Maurice Halbwachs (1925, 1941) contributed immensely to this field of knowledge and his significant work “Social Frameworks of Memory” in 1925 holds great importance. For a long time until Maurice Halbwachs published his notable work "On Collective Memory" (1925), in which he analysed that ownership of memory need not be an individual but the individuals as a collective unit, be it family, society or community and the memory is operated thus by a community. He distinguished between autobiographical memory – memory of those events we ourselves experience; historical memory – memory that reaches us only through historical records; history – as the remembered past which is no longer important to our lives; and collective memory – the active past that forms our identities. Also, Halbwachs characterised shared memories as effective markers of social differentiation.&nbsp; “Collective memory is not history, though it is sometimes made from similar material. It is a collective phenomenon but only manifests itself in the actions and statements of individuals […] it often privileges the interests of the contemporary” (Kansteiner 2002)). Cultural memory conserves the heritage that involves an act of remembering

Prescription patterns and injury risk among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the UK

The long-term effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be compromised by poor adherence to medication. Children with ADHD experience high rates of injuries and stimulant medication use is hypothesized to decrease injury risk by reducing symptoms. Longitudinal population-based primary health care data was used to 1) describe the initial pharmacological treatment patterns among children with ADHD and independent predictors of persistence with initial ADHD treatment and 2) assess the association between stimulant medication (such as methylphenidate) and risk for injury among children with ADHD. Children diagnosed with ADHD at age 1-18 between 1994 and 2008 were selected from The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database to form the overall study group (n=4234). Prescription patterns were described among 1314 children treated with medication. The association between child, clinical and treatment factors and medication persistence (defined as initial treatment length &gt; 6 months) was estimated using binomial regression. A self-controlled case series design was conducted among 328 children who experienced an incident injury event and received at least 1 stimulant medication prescription. Incident rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for injury comparing periods of stimulant medication treatment with untreated periods were estimated using conditional Poisson regression. Only 35.3% (n=464) of children were persistent with treatment. Children initially prescribed long-acting methylphenidate were more likely to persist with treatment as compared to standard methylphenidate (Risk Ratio= 1.2; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.1, 1.4). Injury rates were lower during periods of stimulant medication use as compared with untreated periods (IRR= 0.70; 95%CI: 0.52, 0.93). The association was clearly apparent for males and did not decline with increasing time on treatment. Conclusions: The majority of children prescribed medication for ADHD do not continue on initial treatment for more than 6 months. Evaluation of the effects of ADHD medication in both clinical and research settings should consider the observed poor persistence with pharmacological treatment. Periods of stimulant medication use were associated with a decreased risk of injury among children treated for ADHD. Injury risk should be considered in decision-making about stimulant medication use among children with ADHD who have been previously treated

Photo Degradation of Cotnaminants of Emerging concern (CECs) under Simulated Solar Radiation: Implications for their Environmental Fate

Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are continuously being released into the environment mainly because of their incomplete removal in the sewage treatment plants (STPs). The CECs selected for the study include antibiotics (macrolides, sulfonamides and ciprofloxacin), sucralose (an artificial sweetener) and dioctyl sulfosuccinate (DOSS, chemical dispersant used in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill). After being discharged into waterways from STPs, photo degradation is a key factor in dictating the environmental fate of antibiotics and sucralose. Photodegradation efficiency depends on many factors such as pH of the matrix, matrix composition, light source and structure of the molecule. These factors exert either synergistic or antagonistic effects in the environment and thus experiments with isolated factors may not yield the same results as the natural environmental processes. Hence in the current study photodegradation of 13 CECs (antibiotics, sucralose and dicotyl sulfosuccinate) were evaluated using natural water matrices with varying composition (deionized water, fresh water and salt water) as well as radiation of different wavelengths (254 nm, 350 nm and simulated solar radiation) in order to mimic natural processes. As expected the contribution of each factor on the overall rate of photodegradation is contaminant specific, for example under similar conditions, the rate in natural waters compared to pure water was enhanced for antibiotics (2-11 fold), significantly reduced for sucralose (no degradation seen in natural waters) and similar in both media for DOSS. In general, it was observed that the studied compounds degraded faster at 254 nm, while when using a simulated sunlight radiation the rate of photolysis of DOSS increased and the rates for antibiotics decreased in comparison to the 350 nm radiation. The photo stability of the studied CECs followed the order sucralose \u3e DOSS \u3e macrolides \u3e sulfonamides \u3e ciprofloxacin and a positive relationship was observed between photo stability and their ubiquitous presence in natural aquatic matrices. An online LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for sucralose and further applied to reclaimed waters (n =56) and drinking waters (n = 43) from South Florida. Sucralose was detected in reclaimed waters with concentrations reaching up to 18 µg/L. High frequency of detection (\u3e 80%) in drinking waters indicate contamination of ground waters in South Florida by anthropogenic activity

Influence of light on serum cholesterol levels in complete (by birth) blind people

Background: With blindness normal stimulation of the hypothalamic pituitary axis is reduced. The serum cholesterol is frequently increased the upper limit of normal it is unclear whether the effect is due to complete absence of light, HPA axis function reduction or diurnal variation of melatonin levels.Methods: A self-administered questionnaire ascertained lifestyle characteristics, including alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus and dietary habits. Inclusion criteria: 50 complete blindness persons (by birth), healthy adults, Age group between 30-50 years. Exclusion area: age 50, alcoholic, liver diseases, kidney diseases, diabetes mellitus, thyroid diseases.Results: A total No of 100 cases were studied by dividing them into two groups controls 50 and cases 50. The results so obtain were compared with 50 healthy controls (excluded consumed alcoholic, liver diseases, kidney diseases, diabetes mellitus, thyroid diseases.). Statistical evaluation was carried out to confirm any deviation from the normal values. The mean serum cholesterol of Cases (298.28±26.82) is having higher level as compared to the mean value of controls (153.38±11.79). This increase is statistically highly significant (<0.0001).Conclusions: It has been shown from this study with blindness normal stimulation of the HPA is reduced consequently the serum cholesterol is frequently increased the concentration may exceed the upper limit of normal. On this basis we observed increases the upper limit of the cholesterol levels in blind healthy people than subjects with normal healthy light perception

Estimation of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and cholesterol levels in prolonged (30 years) daily consumption coffee in people

Background: Although prolonged (30years) coffee consumption has been associated with reduced or increased frequency of liver (SGOT, SGPT, GGT) enzymes and cholesterol levels, it is unclear whether the effect is from coffee or caffeine.Methods: A self-administered questionnaire ascertained lifestyle characteristics, including alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, Diabetes mellitus and Dietary habits. As for drinking habit, examinees were first asked about their current drinking frequency (none, 1-2 times/ week, or almost daily) past or current smokers about the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the duration of smoking in years. As regards coffee, examinees were asked their usual daily intake in cups.Results: A total No of 200 cases were studied by dividing them into two group’s controls and cases. The results so obtain were compared with 50 healthy controls (not to consumed caffeine contained things that include nor coffee, tea, any type of cola’s). Statistical evaluation was carried out to confirm any deviation from the normal values. In men the mean serum SGOT, SGPT, GGT and cholesterol of cases is having higher level as compared to the mean value of controls. This increase is statistically highly significant (SGOT<0.0001, SGPT=0.045, GGT=0.0043, cholesterol<0.0001). In women’s the mean serum SGOT, SGPT, GGT and cholesterol of Cases is having higher level as compared to the mean value of Controls. This increase is statistically significant (SGOT< 0.05, SGPT=0.0319, GGT <0.0001, cholesterol: <0.0001).Conclusion: It has been shown from this study that prolonged daily consumption of coffee in many people it results increasing of levels of serum concentrations of the SGOT, SGPT, GGT and Cholesterol. It is observed that liver enzymes and cholesterol could be a target for caffeine or other components of coffee.