South-South FDI vs North-South FDI : A Comparative Analysis in the Context of India

Over the years FDI activities from developing countries have grown very rapidly and most of these investments end up in other developing countries. Such FDI flows are formally known as South-South FDI. This paper attempts to compare the characteristics of South-South FDI versus North-South FDI in the context of India. The analysis is carried at two levels. First we look at the overall trends of FDI flows (both inward & outward) region wise (North versus South), country wise and sector wise. Our results confirm that Indias FDI activities have broadly been consistent with the well known concept of Investment Development Path (Dunning, 1981). We also find that while country profiles have undergone changes, there has been no significant shift in the sectoral profile. Next we carry out econometric analysis at the sectoral /industry level for inward FDI from the North and from the South to examine the difference in the characters (if any) of FDI from the two sources. Our broad conclusion is that although there is not much difference between FDI from the north and from the south (both being concentrated in sectors with larger markets, higher export orientation & lower import intensity) southern FDIs appear to flow more into growing sectors while FDI from north do not have such indication. Ultimately however, it is at the firm level where one needs to identify the factors inhibit/attract FDI. The qualitative findings from a limited survey of 93 firms are presented in the appendix.FDI inflows and outflows, North-South FDI, South-South FDI

PREVALENCE OF AEROBIC BACTERIA CAUSING WOUND INFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH FILARIAL ELEPHANTIASIS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF KOLKATA, INDIA

Lymphatic filariasis, thought to be a neglected tropical disease (NTD) globally, is caused by microscopic, thread-like nematodes. The present study was conducted to identify the microorganisms in the ulcerative wounds of filarial elephantiasis. A total of 100 samples were collected and studied from the patients attended on Filaria OPD, School of Tropical medicine, Kolkata, India. Staphylococcus aureus (46.67%) was identified as the predominant organism among the different aerobic bacteria present in the ulcer, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella sp., Enterococcus sp., Escherichia coli and Enterobacter sp

South-South FDI vs North-South FDI: A Comparative Analysis in the Context of India

Over the years FDI activities from developing countries have grown very rapidly and most of these investments end up in other developing countries. Such FDI flows are formally known as South-South FDI. This paper attempts to compare the characteristics of South-South FDI versus North-South FDI in the context of India. The analysis is carried at two levels. First we look at the overall trends of FDI flows (both inward & outward) region wise (North versus South), country wise and sector wise. Our results confirm that India's FDI activities have broadly been consistent with the well known concept of Investment Development Path (Dunning, 1981). We also find that while country profiles have undergone changes, there has been no significant shift in the sectoral profile. Next we carry out econometric analysis at the sectoral /industry level for inward FDI from the North and from the South to examine the difference in the characters (if any) of FDI from the two sources. Our broad conclusion is that although there is not much difference between FDI from the north and from the south (both being concentrated in sectors with larger markets, higher export orientation & lower import intensity) southern FDIs appear to flow more into growing sectors while FDI from north do not have such indication. Ultimately however, it is at the firm level where one needs to identify the factors inhibit/attract FDI. The qualitative findings from a limited survey of 93 firms are presented in the appendix

South-South FDI vs North-South FDI: A Comparative Analysis in the Context of India

Over the years FDI activities from developing countries have grown very rapidly and most ofthese investments end up in other developing countries. Such FDI flows are formally known asSouth-South FDI. This paper attempts to compare the characteristics of South-South FDI versusNorth-South FDI in the context of India.The analysis is carried at two levels. First we look at the overall trends of FDI flows (bothinward & outward) region wise (North versus South), country wise and sector wise. Our resultsconfirm that India's FDI activities have broadly been consistent with the well known concept ofInvestment Development Path (Dunning, 1981). We also find that while country profiles haveundergone changes, there has been no significant shift in the sectoral profile.Next we carry out econometric analysis at the sectoral /industry level for inward FDI from theNorth and from the South to examine the difference in the characters (if any) of FDI from thetwo sources. Our broad conclusion is that although there is not much difference between FDIfrom the north and from the south (both being concentrated in sectors with larger markets, higherexport orientation & lower import intensity) southern FDIs appear to flow more into growingsectors while FDI from north do not have such indication.FDI inflows and outflows, North-South FDI, South-South FDI

South-South FDI vs North-South FDI: A Comparative Analysis in the Context of India

This paper attempts to compare the characteristics of South-South FDI versus North-South FDI in the context of India. The analysis is carried at two levels. First t the overall trends of FDI flows (both inward & outward) is looked at region wise (North versus South), country wise and sector wise. Econometric analysis at the sectoral /industry level for inward FDI from the North and from the South to examine the difference in the characters (if any) of FDI from the two sources was carried out. [WP no. 238].FDI inflows and outflows, North-South FDI, globalization,, South-South FDI, econometric analysis,

Digital governance pathways: Multidimensional challenges in the absence of a scientific foundation are not a deterrent to successful implementation

It is challenging for policymakers to administer diverse technological, social, and cultural setups by expeditiously addressing local problems in a country. Successful digital governance encompasses norms, institutions, and standards to regulate the development and use of digital technologies to ensure equality by addressing multidimensional issues. By considering the evolution of digital governance, this study explains how the complexity of its successful implementation arises from issues at the digitalization level, the geopolitics of global cyberspace governance, stakeholder engagement, knowledge base augmentation, and an entanglement of the digital and physical worlds. This study proposes stakeholder participation through citizen-generated data and enabling digital logistic platforms to support the entanglement of the digital and physical worlds to unlock the potential of digital governance

Urban wetland fragmentation and ecosystem service assessment using integrated machine learning algorithm and spatial landscape analysis

Dynamics of ecosystem service value (ESV) of various wetlands has been assessed by researchers globally. But the impact of spatio-temporal variation of landscape metrics on ESV in the lower Gangetic plains has not been examined, fully. The present work has established linkages between landscape metrics and ESV in Kolkata urban agglomeration using support vector machine and multivariate regression analysis. Result indicates that wetland area has been reduced by 5.26%, 13.67% and 9.03% during the periods 1990–2000, 2000–2010 and 2010–2020, respectively and the ESV contributed by wetlands has been decreased by $131428,$323674 and $184649, respectively during the same period at an annual rate of 0.85%. Number of patches, mean patch area and edge density are the main determinants of wetland fragmentation and decreased by 44.12%, 10.23% and 8.65%, respectively during the last three decades. A wetland restoration strategy based on dynamic restoration, reactive restoration and wetland creation for the study area has been formulated, which can guide for sustainable management of wetland resources in Kolkata urban agglomeration

Assessment of wetland health dynamics: Comparing fuzzy- AHP and composite indexing methods in an urban agglomeration in east India

In Kolkata metropolitan area population growth, built-up land expansion, and infrastructure development shrinkages wetland area and degrades wetland health. Wetland health index was computed using composite-indexing (CI) and fuzzy-AHP (FA) models. Both CI and FA models performed well to assess wetland health where FA outperformed CI. The area under curve value ranges from 0.728 to 0.780 for CI and 0.745 to 0.855 for FA model. During the last two decades, the growth rate of built-up land was 1.86% per year and the shrinkage rate of wetland was 1.56% per year. The spatial coverage of excellent wetland area was decreased from 52.46% to 43.11% over last two decades, but the area under very poor wetlands have increased from 5.55% to 9.62%. Due to wetland health degradation, ecosystem service value was decreased by 23.50% over the last two decades. Wetland health has direct relationship with wetland size, which needs further research