Recent Advances on Design and Synthesis of Chiral Imidazolium Ionic Liquids and their Applications in Green Asymmetric Synthesis

Over the past decade, catalysis by ionic liquids (ILs) has experienced a tremendous growth in the context of “Green Chemistryâ€, and there are numerous examples of a variety of catalytic reactions that have been successfully carried out in such neoteric media.The great enthusiasm for catalysis in ILs is not only driven by the curiosity of chemists, but also due to the growing awareness of developing greener reactions or process media in catalytic science and greener catalytic technologies due their advantages of unique physical and chemical properties as compared to traditional volatile organic solvents.Recently, development of chiral ionic liquids and their applications in asymmetric synthesis have attracted much attention as these reactions have widespread applications in the synthesis of chiral drugs and pharmaceutical industries. Asymmetric induction is mainly achieved by the use of chiral substrates or reagents, chiral catalysts or enzymes. Owing to the vast number of structurally different room temperature ILS that have been synthesized, this review focuses on imidazolium ionic liquids that possess chirality either in the imidazolium moiety or in the anion moiety. The aim of this review is to highlight the recent breakthrough of Chiral ILs in chirality transfer or chiral recognition when used as solvent or co-solvent: the case of task specific ionic liquids is beyond the scope of this review. In the first part, the synthesis of of CILs has been presented and the second part of the review has been devoted on the applications of such CILs in green asymmetric synthesis as well as various pharmaceutical industries

The Use of Accounting Information in Financing Decision: The Context of Bangladeshi Private Commercial Banks

Accounting information is essential to elucidate the financial scenario of any organization. The use of accounting information enhances the decision-making process that has a good role in managerial efficiency. This research study has attempted to know the use of accounting information contained in the annual reports in making a financing decision. Five components of financing decision like selecting the best source of financing,  assessing the cash flows,  preparing the budget and profit planning,  valuation of bond and share as well as financial statement analysis have been considered for the purpose of the study and collected opinions from the selected respondents amounts to one hundred fifty with the use of structured questionnaire and the outcomes of this survey report that the most of the respondents strongly agreed that the accounting information has been used in making a financing decision. The study also reveals that there is a significant relationship among the opinions of the respondents regarding using accounting information in making decisions about the different components of financing decisions. &nbsp

Targeting Estrogen Receptor Sites in Human Breast Cancer Cell Line T47D With Copper Conjugates of Nonsteriodal Anti-inflammatory Drug Derivatives: Antiproliferative Activity of Ketoprofen Derivative and its Copper Complex

A square planar copper complex of derivatized NSAID drug (Ketoprofen thiosemicarbazone [3-benzoyl-α-methyl benzene acetic acid thiosemicarbazone]), is characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy, electrochemistry and magnetic susceptibility studies which exhibits dose-dependent and enhanced antiproliferative effects on human breast cancer cell line T47D rich in progesterone receptors

Serial pathways from primate prefrontal cortex to autonomic areas may influence emotional expression

BACKGROUND: Experiencing emotions engages high-order orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal areas, and expressing emotions involves low-level autonomic structures and peripheral organs. How is information from the cortex transmitted to the periphery? We used two parallel approaches to map simultaneously multiple pathways to determine if hypothalamic autonomic centres are a key link for orbitofrontal areas and medial prefrontal areas, which have been associated with emotional processes, as well as low-level spinal and brainstem autonomic structures. The latter innervate peripheral autonomic organs, whose activity is markedly increased during emotional arousal. RESULTS: We first determined if pathways linking the orbitofrontal cortex with the hypothalamus overlapped with projection neurons directed to the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord, with the aid of neural tracers injected in these disparate structures. We found that axons from orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortices converged in the hypothalamus with neurons projecting to brainstem and spinal autonomic centers, linking the highest with the lowest levels of the neuraxis. Using a parallel approach, we injected bidirectional tracers in the lateral hypothalamic area, an autonomic center, to label simultaneously cortical pathways leading to the hypothalamus, as well as hypothalamic axons projecting to low-level brainstem and spinal autonomic centers. We found densely distributed projection neurons in medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices leading to the hypothalamus, as well as hypothalamic axonal terminations in several brainstem structures and the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord, which innervate peripheral autonomic organs. We then provided direct evidence that axons from medial prefrontal cortex synapse with hypothalamic neurons, terminating as large boutons, comparable in size to the highly efficient thalamocortical system. The interlinked orbitofrontal, medial prefrontal areas and hypothalamic autonomic centers were also connected with the amygdala. CONCLUSIONS: Descending pathways from orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortices, which are also linked with the amygdala, provide the means for speedy influence of the prefrontal cortex on the autonomic system, in processes underlying appreciation and expression of emotions