Synthesis and Activity Test of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 for the Methanol Steam Reforming as a Fuel Cellâs Hydrogen Supplier

The  synthesis  of  hydrogen  from  hydrocarbons  through  the  steam reforming  of  methanol  on  Cu/ZnO/Al2O3  catalyst  has  been  investigated.  This process is assigned to be one of the promising alternatives for  fuel cell hydrogen process source. Hydrogen synthesis from methanol can be carried out by means of  methanol  steam  reforming  which  is  a  gas  phase  catalytic  reaction  between methanol and water. In this research, the  Cu/ZnO/Al2O3  catalyst  prepared by the dry  impregnation  was  used.  The  specific  surface  area  of  catalyst  was  194.69 m2/gram.The  methanol  steam  reforming  (SRM)  reaction  was  carried  out  by means of the injection of gas mixture containing methanol and water with 1:1.2 mol ratio and 20-90 mL/minute feed  flow rate to a fixed bed reactor loaded by 1 g of catalyst. The reaction temperature was 200-300 °C, and the reactor pressure was 1 atm. Preceding  the reaction, catalyst was reduced in the H2/N2  mixture at 160  °C.  This  study  shows  that  at  300  °C  reaction  temperature,  methanol conversion  reached  100%  at  28  mL/minute  gas  flow  rate.  This  conversion decreased  significantly  with  the  increase  of  gas  flow  rate.  Meanwhile,  the catalyst prepared for SRM  was stable in 36 hours of operation at 260  °C. The catalyst exhibited a good stability although the reaction condition was shifted to a higher gas flow rate

NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF PULAU PARI

Among the soores of islands that make up "Pulau Seribu",Pulau Pari is ecologically interesting. It is composed of five small islands united by a common., distantly located, outer reef.Collectively they offer a long beach line easily within our reach.The vast intertidal area, the uneven bottom topography and the nature of the bottom, give rise to different kind of habitats from which we may expect different biotic populations

Kinetika Reaksi Hidrogenasi Ester Lemak Menjadi Alkohol Lemak Dengan Katalis Tembaga- Mangan

Fatty alcohol (FAOH) can be produced by hydrogenating of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) using the copper-based catalyst. Copper-Chrom (Cu-Cr) is the best catalyst for high-pressure reaction condition, which is copper (Cu) as the main active component and chrom (Cr) as a promoter. Since Cr is feared to be toxic, one of the best replacement candidates is manganese (Mn). The research aims is to find the kinetic equation of hydrogenation FAME to FAOH using a Cu-Mn commercial catalyst.  FAME with methyl laurate and methyl myristate as the main compounds is used as feedstock. The main products are lauryl alcohol and myristyl alcohol. The reaction was carried out in an isothermal continuous fixed bed reactor under conditions of temperature 220 – 240 oC, pressure 50 bar, and liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) 5-12.5 hr-1.  The kinetic equation is determined using the power law model. The FAME hydrogenation on copper - manganese catalyst is the half order reaction. The activation energy value is 86.32 kJ/mol and the Arrhenius constant value is 5.87x106  M0.5/s

Notes on the Molluscan Fauna of Pulau Pari

Among the soores of islands that make up "Pulau Seribu",Pulau Pari is ecologically interesting. It is composed of five small islands united by a common., distantly located, outer reef.Collectively they offer a long beach line easily within our reach.The vast intertidal area, the uneven bottom topography and the nature of the bottom, give rise to different kind of habitats from which we may expect different biotic populations

Production of Biogasoline via Pyrolysis of Oleic Acid Basic Soaps

In this study, an investigation on the effect of the Ca/Mg/Zn mixing ratio on gasoline-range hydrocarbon production by oleic basic soap pyrolysis was carried out. The ratios of calcium to magnesium used were 15%, 35%, 50%, 65%, and 85% with constant Zn. Oleic basic soap was obtained by saponification with the modified fusion method. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out at 450 °C using a semi-continuous reactor with a feed flow rate of 5 g/15 min. The process produced three fractions, i.e., gas, solid, and liquid (bio-hydrocarbon + water). The gas products were characterized by GC-TCD, and the results showed the presence of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and methane. Based on the GC-FID and FT-IR results, the bio-hydrocarbon comprised mainly homologous hydrocarbon from carbon number C7 to C19 containing n-alkanes, alkenes, various iso-alkanes, and some oxygenated compounds. All calcium ratios in the oleic basic soap produced hydrocarbon in the range of gasoline (C7-C11) as the dominant product. The maximum yield of gasoline (74.86%) was achieved at 15% calcium

Synthesis of ï§-Al2O3 Catalyst Support from Kaolin of Indonesian Origin

Kaolin  has  been  identified  as  a  potential  raw  material  for  the production of  ï§-Al2O3  for  hydrotreating  catalyst support. This work explores the technical  feasibility  of  applying  the  potassium  hydroxide  (KOH)  e xtraction synthesis route on kaolin  from the Belitung  Island  in Indonesia. The application of  a  published  synthesis  method  to  Belitung  kaolin  requires  an  approximately twofold  increase  in  kaolin  calcination  time,  an  increase  in  kaolin  calcination temperature from 950 to 1000 °C, and a tenfold increase in metakaolin extraction time, to obtain a specific surface area higher than 200 m2/g. The highest specific surface area of 233 m2/g was obtained when  the kaolin was calcined at 1000 °C for 24 hours, and the  metakaolin  was extracted by concentrated KOH  solution for 12 hours.  Phase characterization of the final product confirmed the formation of ï§-Al2O3, but with the inclusion of low-surface area ï¡-Al2O3 phase

Peranan Pendapatan Luar USAhatani Dalam Mengurangi Tekanan Penduduk the Role Off-farm Income to Reduce the Population Pressure

Sempitnya luas lahan USAhatani yang diakibatkan tingkat pertumbuhan penduduk serta bertambah luasnya lahan pertanian untuk kepentingan takpertanian mengakibatkan naiknya tekanan penduduk. Namun, perkembangan keaktifan petani di luar USAhatani membawa konsekuensi turunnya tekanan penduduk atas sumberdaya alam. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui: (1) tekanan penduduk baik di tingkat rumah tangga maupun wilayah dan (2) peranan pendapatan luar USAhatani terhadap tekanan penduduk. Penelitian yang dilaksanakan di dua desa di Kabupaten Banyumas dengan Sampel Acak Sederhana dalam memilih petani sampelnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) nilai tekanan penduduk lebih besar dari satu yang berarti bahwa kebutuhan dasar penduduk di dua desa penelitian belum terpenuhi dan (2) pendapatan luar USAhatani berperan dalam mengurangi tekanan penduduk

Synthesis and Activity Test of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 for the Methanol Steam Reforming as a Fuel Cell's Hydrogen Supplier

The synthesis of hydrogen from hydrocarbons through the steam reforming of methanol on Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst has been investigated. This process is assigned to be one of the promising alternatives for fuel cell hydrogen process source. Hydrogen synthesis from methanol can be carried out by means of methanol steam reforming which is a gas phase catalytic reaction between methanol and water. In this research, the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst prepared by the dry impregnation was used. The specific surface area of catalyst was 194.69 m2/gram.The methanol steam reforming (SRM) reaction was carried out by means of the injection of gas mixture containing methanol and water with 1:1.2 mol ratio and 20-90 mL/minute feed flow rate to a fixed bed reactor loaded by 1 g of catalyst. The reaction temperature was 200-300 °C, and the reactor pressure was 1 atm. Preceding the reaction, catalyst was reduced in the H2/N2 mixture at 160 °C. This study shows that at 300 °C reaction temperature, methanol conversion reached 100% at 28 mL/minute gas flow rate. This conversion decreased significantly with the increase of gas flow rate. Meanwhile, the catalyst prepared for SRM was stable in 36 hours of operation at 260 °C. The catalyst exhibited a good stability although the reaction condition was shifted to a higher gas flow rate