Estrategias Metodologicas Implementadas para la Integración y Socialisación del Niño Reynaldo en el CDI Ageles de Amor en el Departamento de Masaya Segundo Semestre 2014

En nuestro tema de investigación se aborda la integración y socialización del niño Reynaldo Gabriel Castillo Flores de 2 años de edad, del CDI ÁNGELES DE AMOR ubicado en la zona urbana del departamento de Masaya, Barrio san Jerónimo. Nuestro caso a Investigar tiene un enfoque de investigación-acción ya que nos permitió describir, reflexionar, investigar en cada momento las diferentes situaciones encontradas en el niño e incidir para atender las necesidades. Al presentarnos al salón maternal, nos llamó la atención el niño, pues todos saltaban, bailaban, atentos a las actividades dirigidas por el docente excepto el niño Reynaldo, eso nos inquietó en el momento, su comportamiento y su mirada profunda e inquietante. Al dirigirnos a la docente, nos comentó que el niño poco le gusta jugar o integrarse al grupo, y en el transcurso del proceso investigativo fuimos afirmando todo lo que la docente nos anticipó. Desde ahí surge nuestro objeto de estudio, pensar en estrategias que nos permitan motivar al niño que se integre y socialice en cada una de las actividades. Al aplicar los planes de acción el niño logró integrarse en algunas de las actividades no en gran medida como esperábamos; pero si en su mayoría. Durante el proceso de observación descubrimos que la docente es abuelita paterna del niño y que lo sobreprotege mucho, esta situación puede ser una de las razones principales para que el niño no se desenvuelva con libertad y le permita gozar de cada una de las actividades. Una de nuestra sugerencias a la docente fue que deje libre al niño, que él vaya desenvolviendo su propia autonomía; que si llora, si se cae ahí lo deje que no le cuestione para que el aprenda a valerse por sí mismo, claro siempre vigilándolo de cualquier peligro

Choice of the initial antiretroviral treatment for HIV-positive individuals in the era of integrase inhibitors

BACKGROUND: We aimed to describe the most frequently prescribed initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens in recent years in HIV-positive persons in the Cohort of the Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS) and to investigate factors associated with the choice of each regimen. METHODS: We analyzed initial ART regimens prescribed in adults participating in CoRIS from 2014 to 2017. Only regimens prescribed in >5% of patients were considered. We used multivariable multinomial regression to estimate Relative Risk Ratios (RRRs) for the association between sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and the choice of the initial regimen. RESULTS: Among 2874 participants, abacavir(ABC)/lamivudine(3TC)/dolutegavir(DTG) was the most frequently prescribed regimen (32.1%), followed by tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC)/elvitegravir(EVG)/cobicistat(COBI) (14.9%), TDF/FTC/rilpivirine (RPV) (14.0%), tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)/FTC/EVG/COBI (13.7%), TDF/FTC+DTG (10.0%), TDF/FTC+darunavir/ritonavir or darunavir/cobicistat (bDRV) (9.8%) and TDF/FTC+raltegravir (RAL) (5.6%). Compared with ABC/3TC/DTG, starting TDF/FTC/RPV was less likely in patients with CD4100.000 copies/mL. TDF/FTC+DTG was more frequent in those with CD4100.000 copies/mL. TDF/FTC+RAL and TDF/FTC+bDRV were also more frequent among patients with CD4<200 cells//muL and with transmission categories other than men who have sex with men. Compared with ABC/3TC/DTG, the prescription of other initial ART regimens decreased from 2014-2015 to 2016-2017 with the exception of TDF/FTC+DTG. Differences in the choice of the initial ART regimen were observed by hospitals' location. CONCLUSIONS: The choice of initial ART regimens is consistent with Spanish guidelines' recommendations, but is also clearly influenced by physician's perception based on patient's clinical and sociodemographic variables and by the prescribing hospital location

Evaluation of the methane paradox in four adjacent pre-alpine lakes across a trophic gradient

Contrasting the paradigm that methane is only produced in anoxic conditions, recent discoveries show that oxic methane production (OMP, aka the methane paradox) occurs in oxygenated surface waters worldwide. OMP drivers and their contribution to global methane emissions, however, are not well constrained. In four adjacent pre-alpine lakes, we determine the net methane production rates in oxic surface waters using two mass balance approaches, accounting for methane sources and sinks. We find that OMP occurs in three out of four studied lakes, often as the dominant source of diffusive methane emissions. Correlations of net methane production versus chlorophyll-a, Secchi and surface mixed layer depths suggest a link with photosynthesis and provides an empirical upscaling approach. As OMP is a methane source in direct contact with the atmosphere, a better understanding of its extent and drivers is necessary to constrain the atmospheric methane contribution by inland waters.</p

Diurnal variation in the convection-driven vertical distribution of phytoplankton under ice and after ice-off in large Lake Onego (Russia)

When sunlight penetrates the ice layer covering lakes in winter, it warms the top water layer and sets up convection, with several potentially contrasting effects on phytoplankton. While convective mixing keeps cells in suspension and prevents sedimentation losses, it may also transport phytoplankton well below the euphotic zone. We investigated diurnal variations in the vertical distribution of phytoplankton under ice and just after ice-off in Lake Onego (Russia), a lake with moderate to high colored dissolved organic carbon (CDOM) levels. We showed that diurnal variation in convection under ice restricts phytoplankton access to light in the morning hours to a narrow euphotic zone, whereas cells are mixed through a deep aphotic layer in the afternoon. After ice-off, low chlorophyll a was found on the open-water side of the thermal bar as convection distributed cells throughout the water column. By contrast, the inshore side had significantly higher concentrations of chlorophyll a (p < 0.001) because the mixing depth brought about by diurnal microstratification was reduced, resulting in greater access to light in the afternoon. Overnight, convective cooling broke down microstratification, which redeveloped the next day. Our work highlights the importance of studying diurnal variation in light availability for photoautotrophic growth, both under ice and after ice-off in lakes characterized by high CDOM

Impacts of diffuse urban stressors on stream benthic communities and ecosystem functioning: A review

Catchment urbanisation results in urban streams being exposed to a multitude of stressors. Notably, stressors originating from diffuse sources have received less attention than stressors originating from point sources. Here, advances related to diffuse urban stressors and their consequences for stream benthic communities are summarised by reviewing 92 articles. Based on the search criteria, the number of articles dealing with diffuse urban stressors in streams has been increasing, and most of them focused on North America, Europe, and China. Land use was the most common measure used to characterize diffuse stressor sources in urban streams (70.7 % of the articles characterised land use), and chemical stressors (inorganic nutrients, xenobiotics, metals, and water properties, including pH and conductivity) were more frequently reported than physical or biological stressors. A total of 53.3 % of the articles addressed the impact of urban stressors on macroinvertebrates, while 35.9 % focused on bacteria, 9.8 % on fungi, and 8.7 % on algae. Regarding ecosystem functions, almost half of the articles (43.5 %) addressed changes in community dynamics, 40.3 % addressed organic matter decomposition, and 33.9 % addressed nutrient cycling. When comparing urban and non-urban streams, the reviewed studies suggest that urbanisation negatively impacts the diversity of benthic organisms, leading to shifts in community composition. These changes imply functional degradation of streams. The results of the present review summarise the knowledge gained to date and identify its main gaps to help improve our understanding of urban streams.This study has received funding from the Iberian Association of Limnology (AIL) through the project URBIFUN (Urbanization effects on the relationship between microbial biodiversity and ecosystem functioning), awarded to Míriam Colls and Ferran Romero. Authors thank as well the Basque Government (Consolidated Research Group IT951-16) and the MERLIN project 101036337 – H2020-LC-GD-2020/H2020-LC-GD-2020-3.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The ecological role of permanent ponds in Europe ::a review of dietary linkages to terrestrial ecosystems via emerging insects

Permanent ponds are valuable freshwater systems and biodiversity hotspots. They provide diverse ecosystem services (ES), including water quality improvement and supply, food provisioning and biodiversity support. This is despite being under significant pressure from multiple anthropogenic stressors and the impacts of ongoing global change. However, ponds are largely overlooked in management plans and legislation, and ecological research has focused on large freshwater ecosystems, such as rivers or lakes. Protection of ponds is often insufficient or indirectly provided via associated habitats such as wetlands. This phenomenon is likely exacerbated due to lacking a full-scale understanding of the importance of ponds. In this review, we provided a detailed overview of permanent ponds across Europe, including their usages and the biodiversity they support. By discussing the concepts of pondscape and metacommunity theory, we highlighted the importance of connectivity among and between ponds and identified fluxes of emerging insects as another ES of ponds. Those insects are rich in essential nutrients such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which are delivered through them to the terrestrial environment, however the extent and impact of this ES remains largely unexplored. Several potential stressors, especially related to ongoing global change, which influence pond diversity and integrity were discussed. To conclude this review, we provided our insights on future pond management. Adaptive measures, taking into account the pond system per se within the pondscape, were found to be the most promising to mitigate the loss of natural ponds and restore and conserve natural small water bodies as refuges and diversity hotspots in increasingly urbanized landscapes

The ecological role of permanent ponds in Europe: a review of dietary linkages to terrestrial ecosystems via emerging insects

Permanent ponds are valuable freshwater systems and biodiversity hotspots. They provide diverse ecosystem services (ES), including water quality improvement and supply, food provisioning and biodiversity support. This is despite being under significant pressure from multiple anthropogenic stressors and the impacts of ongoing global change. However, ponds are largely overlooked in management plans and legislation, and ecological research has focused on large freshwater ecosystems, such as rivers or lakes. Protection of ponds is often insufficient or indirectly provided via associated habitats such as wetlands. This phenomenon is likely exacerbated due to lacking a full-scale understanding of the importance of ponds. In this review, we provided a detailed overview of permanent ponds across Europe, including their usages and the biodiversity they support. By discussing the concepts of pondscape and metacommunity theory, we highlighted the importance of connectivity among and between ponds and identified fluxes of emerging insects as another ES of ponds. Those insects are rich in essential nutrients such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which are delivered through them to the terrestrial environment, however the extent and impact of this ES remains largely unexplored. Several potential stressors, especially related to ongoing global change, which influence pond diversity and integrity were discussed. To conclude this review, we provided our insights on future pond management. Adaptive measures, taking into account the pond system per se within the pondscape, were found to be the most promising to mitigate the loss of natural ponds and restore and conserve natural small water bodies as refuges and diversity hotspots in increasingly urbanized landscapes