The Influence of Pitch Dimensions during Small-Sided Games to Reach Match Physical and Physiological Demands on the Youth Soccer Players

The aims of this study were to (i) analyze the physical and physiological responses of four matches competition and (ii) to investigate the relationships among three different pitch dimensions of small-sided game (SSG) on the youth soccer players. Fifteen male U19 soccer players (age 17.3 ± 0.5 years, height 175.7 ± 5.6 cm, weight 68.5 ± 8.6 kg, playing experience 7.8 ± 1.4 years) were randomly assigned to three play areas: small (50 m2), medium (SSG-m, 150 m2) and large (SSG-l, 250 m2) area per player including goalkeeper. During the 4-week intervention, both groups performed three sets of 8 min with a passive rest period of 5 min between games. Differences in time-motion characteristics of players were measured with the Global Positioning System and assessed using a repeated measures ANOVA to compare the three game conditions and the magnitude-based inference to evaluate the pairwise comparison effects. The results showed that only the variables distance covered between 7.0–12.9 km·h−1 was not statistically significantly different among game conditions (p < 0.05; η = 0.21; small) and physiological response (i.e., hear rate of playing time spent 85–89% HRmax) also showed differences (p < 0.05; η = 0.25; small). The responses in SSG-m and SSG-l established them ass the format sizes ideal for replicating the physical responses during match competition. These findings could provide relevant information for coaches for use adequate pitch size (areas of 150 m2 and 250 m2) to reach the match-play scenarios found in match competition

Modeling and forecast of solar ultraviolet index at Huancayo

Objetivos: Implementar un modelo radiativo para realizar el pronóstico de la radiación ultravioleta (RUV) eritémica (de efecto en la piel humana) en Huancayo. Métodos: La investigación fue descriptiva comparativa. Se utilizó el modelo Tropospheric Ultraviolet Visible (TUV) del National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). Se acondicionaron los parámetros de ingreso para las condiciones atmosféricas de Huancayo, como la distribución vertical de ozono y temperatura, la climatología de ozono total, la altura y el albedo de la ubicación. Con estos datos de ingreso el modelo generó datos cada 3 minutos durante las 24 horas de los 365 días del año. Para su validación se utilizaron mediciones en tierra, sincronizándolo con el radiómetro espectral GUV-511 Biospherical Inc., que brinda mediciones a 305, 320, 340 y 380 nm. Se determinó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman para la evaluación estadística. Resultados: El análisis determinó la réplica del modelo TUV de la variación horaria de la RUV en esta ubicación. Así también, el análisis estadístico de los datos reportó un coeficiente de correlación promedio de 0,88 (p&lt;0,05) y se pudo validar el modelo, haciendo una evaluación individual de datos en días despejados y nublados. Conclusiones: Esto permitió implementar el modelo TUV para pronosticar la climatología anual de la RUV eritémica en Huancayo, en términos del Índice UV, para brindar una información cuantitativa a la población sobre los niveles de RUV a la que están expuestos, el tiempo máximo de exposición al sol sin riesgo y con ello tomar decisiones para proteger su salud.Objectives: Implement a radiative model to forecast the erythemal (that affects the human skin) UV radiation (UVR) in Huancayo city. Methods: The research was descriptive and comparative. It was used the Tropospheric Ultraviolet Visible (TUV) model of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). It was conditioned the input parameters for atmospheric conditions of Huancayo, like: ozone and temperature vertical distributions, total ozone climatology, altitude and albedo of the location. With these input data the model generated data every 3 minutes during the 24 hours of the 365 days of a year. For model validation, it was used ground measurements. For this, it was synchronized the spectral radiometer instrument GUV-511 of Biospherical Inc. that provides measurements at 305, 320, 340 and 380 nm. It was determined the Spearman’s correlation coefficient for statistical evaluation. Results: The analysis determined the good ability of TUV model to replicate the hourly variation in this location. Thus, also, the statistical analysis of the dataset reported a mean correlation coefficient of 0.88 (p&lt;0.05) and it was possible to validate the model, making a detailed evaluation with data of cloudy and cloud-free days. Conclusions: It was possible to implement a radiative model, TUV, for forecast the annual climatology of erythemal UV radiation at Huancayo, in terms of the UV index. It will be useful to provide quantitative information to the population about the UV radiation levels that they are exposed, the maximum time for sun exposure without risk and with it to take decisions to protect their health

Subsidence and thermal history of an inverted Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous extensional basin (Cameros, North-central Spain) affected by very low- to low-grade metamorphism.

The Cameros Basin (North Spain) is a Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous extensional basin, which was inverted during the Cenozoic. It underwent a remarkable thermal evolution, as indicated by the record of anomalous high temperatures in its deposits. In this work the subsidence and thermal history of the basin is reconstructed, using subsidence analysis and 2D thermal modeling. Tectonic subsidence curves provide evidence of the occurrence of two rapid subsidence phases during the syn-extensional stage. In the first phase (Tithonian-Early Berriasian), the largest accommodation space was formed in the central sector of the basin, whereas in the second (Early Barremian-Early Albian), it was formed in the northern sector. These rapid subsidence phases could correspond to relevant tectonic events affecting the Iberian Plate at that time. By distinguishing between the initial and thermal subsidence and defining their relative magnitudes, Royden's (1986) method was used to estimate the heat flow at the end of the extensional stage. A maximum heat flow of 60-65 mW/m2 is estimated, implying only a minor thermal disturbance associated with extension. In contrast with these data, very high vitrinite reflectance, anomalously distributed in some case with respect to the typical depth-vitrinite reflectance relation, was measured in the central-northern sector of the basin. Burial and thermal data are used to construct a 2D thermal basin model, to elucidate the role of the processes involved in sediment heating. Calibration of the thermal model with the vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) and fluid inclusion (FI) data indicates that in the central and northern sectors of the basin, an extra heat source, other than a typical rift, is required to explain the observed thermal anomalies. The distribution of the %Ro and FI values in these sectors suggests that the high temperatures and their distribution are related to the circulation of hot fluids. Hot fluids were attributed to the hydrothermal metamorphic events affecting the area during the early post-extensional and inversion stages of the basin

Volatile organic compounds removal by means of a felt-based living wall to improve indoor air quality

Currently, the population spends most of the time in indoor environments, which makes Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) very important for health and comfort. As vegetation can act as a biofilter capturing air pollutants, this study aims to assess the effectiveness of a living wall module in the removal of the Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOCs) for IAQ improvement. An airtight glass chamber was used to release contaminants, monitoring the TVOCs both with the chamber empty (control) and with a small Fytotextile® living wall module planted with Nephrolepis exaltata L. A substantial reduction of TVOCs was observed when the living wall was inside the chamber. In few hours, TVOCs levels were reduced below the recommended limit (following Spanish regulations). More tests are recommended considering different plant species and other variables related to the IAQ.Junta de Andalucía - P18-TP-165

Effect of addition of organic matter on bacterial population dynamics of soil in potato and corn crops

Se determinó el efecto de la fertilización orgánica sobre las poblaciones bacterianas del suelo en cultivos de papa y maíz durante la campaña agrícola 2008-2009 en terrenos de cuatro localidades del Valle del Mantaro: INIA Santa Ana (Huancayo), en la EEA El Mantaro (Jauja), Vista Alegre y Huayao (ambos en Chupaca). En estos lugares se instalaron parcelas experimentales de papa (Solanum tuberosum L. Var. Canchan) y maíz (Zea maíz L. Var. Cusco mejorado) bajo abonamiento orgánico (vacuno, ovino, cuy), fertilización química y sin fertilización alguna (testigo). Para dicho efecto se empleó las técnicas de la Electroforesis en Gel de Gradiente Desnaturalizante (DGGE) con amplificación de la región 968 – 1401 del rDNA 16S. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la variabilidad de las poblaciones bacterianas en los suelos está afectado directamente por el tipo de cultivo mas no por el tipo de fertilización ya que el efecto de este último resulta variable para cada zona experimental y cultivo encontrándose solo en la zona experimental de Chupaca - Maíz una segregación de los tratamientos con fertilización orgánica de los tratamientos químicos. También se ha encontrado que la variación de las comunidades microbianas no sufre variaciones significativas en los suelos con cultivos de maíz obteniéndose coeficientes de similaridad para todos los tratamientos por encima del 80% mientras que para los tratamientos en los cultivos de papa dicho coeficiente fue de tan solo del 60%.The effect of organic fertilization on soil bacterial populations in potato and corn crops during the crop season 2008-2009 at four sites in the Mantaro Valley locations: INIA Santa Ana (Huancayo), the EEA El Mantaro (Jauja), Vista Alegre and Huayao (both in Chupaca). In these places were set up experimental plots of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. var. Canchan) and corn (Zea maize L. Var. Cusco enhanced) under organic manure (cattle, sheep, guinea pig), chemical fertilizer and no fertilizer at all (control) . To do this we used the techniques of electrophoresis Denaturing Gradient Gel (DGGE) with amplification of the region from 968 to 1401 of 16S rDNA. The results show that the variability of bacterial populations in soil is directly affected by crop type but not by the type of fertilization and the effect of the latter is variable for each experimental area and culture found only in the experimental area of Chupaca - Corn segregation of treatments with organic fertilization of chemical treatments. We have also found that the variation of the microbial communities did not suffer significant variations in soils with maize similarity coefficients obtained for all treatments above 80% while for the treatments in potato crops that rate was only 60%

The heritability and patterns of DNA methylation in normal human colorectum

DNA methylation (DNAm) has been linked to changes in chromatin structure, gene expression and disease. The DNAm level can be affected by genetic variation; although, how this differs by CpG dinucleotide density and genic location of the DNAm site is not well understood. Moreover, the effect of disease causing variants on the DNAm level in a tissue relevant to disease has yet to be fully elucidated. To this end, we investigated the phenotypic profiles, genetic effects and regional genomic heritability for 196080 DNAm sites in healthy colorectum tissue from 132 unrelated Colombian individuals. DNAm sites in regions of low-CpG density were more variable, on average more methylated and were more likely to be significantly heritable when compared with DNAm sites in regions of high-CpG density. DNAm sites located in intergenic regions had a higher mean DNAm level and were more likely to be heritable when compared with DNAm sites in the transcription start site (TSS) of a gene expressed in colon tissue. Within CpG-dense regions, the propensity of the DNAm level to be heritable was lower in the TSS of genes expressed in colon tissue than in the TSS of genes not expressed in colon tissue. In addition, regional genetic variation was associated with variation in local DNAm level no more frequently for DNAm sites within colorectal cancer risk regions than it was for DNAm sites outside such regions. Overall, DNAm sites located in different genomic contexts exhibited distinguishable profiles and may have a different biological function

Analysis of labour market needs for engineers with enhanced knowledge in renewable energy in some European and Latin-American Countries

One of the main challenges related to the renewable energy labour market is that of human capital and as a consequence the educational profile of future employees is of paramount importance. Unfortunately, the skill level gained at University does not always fit with the practical needs of industry thus reducing the benefit-cost ratio of new employees and slowing down the transition to a green economy. Within this context, ‘The Crux’ project co-funded by EU under the framework of the Erasmus + programme aims at improving the renewable energy engineering curriculum at different university levels in several Universities of Latin America and Europe. In order to better appreciate the potential impact of the project, a survey on the labour market need for specialists with enhanced knowledge and skills in renewable and sustainable energy technologies has been conducted in the related EU and Latin America countries. More precisely, 60 organizations have been interviewed and almost 70% of them are interested in employing engineers with enhanced knowledge on renewable energy in the next three years. The analysis has shown significant discrepancies between EU and Latin American organizations. In fact, while future employees in EU countries will be mainly related to solar energy and management, the former together with wind and biomass will represent the main renewable energy working sector in Latin American countries. Moreover, MSc level will be the most demanded in EU while bachelor education seems to satisfy the future industry requirements in Latin America. Despite each country having its own needs, the research carried out under this EU project confirms the potential of renewable energy education on the global labour market in the near future