Antagonistic effects in zebrafish (Danio rerio) behavior and oxidative stress induced by toxic metals and deltamethrin acute exposure

In natural environments, the aquatic organisms are exposed to complex mixtures of chemicals which may originate from natural sources or from anthropogenic activities. In this context, the aim of the study was to assess the potential effects that might occur when aquatic organisms are simultaneously exposed to multiple chemicals. For that, we have studied the acute effects of cadmium (0.2 μg L−1), nickel (10 μg L−1) and deltamethrin (2 μg L−1) as individual toxicants and as mixture on the behavioral responses, oxidative stress (SOD and GPx), body electrolytes and trace metals profiles of zebrafish (Danio rerio). So far the scientific literature did not report about the combined effects of pesticides and toxic metals on zebrafish behavior using a 3D tracking system. Compared with other studies, in the present paper we investigated the acute effects of two heavy metals associated with a pesticide on zebrafish, in the range of environmentally relevant concentrations. Thus, the environmental concentrations of cadmium and nickel in three rivers affected by urban activities and one river with protected areas as background control were measured. The observations that resulted in our study demonstrated that deltamethrin toxicity was significantly decreased in some of the behavioral variables and oxidative stress when combined with Cdsingle bondNi mixture. Consequently, our study supports previous works concerning the combined toxicity of environmental chemicals since their simultaneous presence in the aqueous environment may lead to higher or lower toxicological effects on biota than those reported from a single pollutant. Therefore, the evaluation of toxic effects of a single contaminant does not offer a realistic estimate of its impact against aqueous ecosystems. This study also supports the idea that the interactions between different chemical compounds which do not exceed the maximum permitted limits in environment may have benefits for aquatic life forms or be more toxic

Toxicity of Deltamethrin to Zebrafish Gonads Revealed by Cellular Biomarkers

Deltamethrin is responsible for health and reproduction problems both in mammals and aquatic organisms. In this study, zebrafish adults were exposed for 15 days to 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 μg L−1 non-lethal concentrations of deltamethrin, knowing that is used worldwide on agricultural crops. We investigated the chronic effects of deltamethrin on gonads by histopathological examination, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence using biomarkers for apoptosis (anti-p53, anti-H2A.XS139ph antibodies, and TUNEL assay), oxidative stress (anti-Cox4i1 antibody) and proliferation (anti-PCNA antibody). Among the histopathological changes, the apoptotic response was elevated in ovary and testis of deltamethrin exposed groups as it was seen in the IHC and IF for p53, H2A.XS139ph, and confirmed by TUNEL assay. These were observed in the case of all studied concentrations compared with the control group. Thereby, the gonadal tissue exhibited an up-regulated activity of this cell-death signaling markers, while the proliferation marker (PCNA) increased in the ovary due to its presence not only in primary growth and cortical-alveolar stage follicles but also in atretic follicles, meanwhile decreased notably in the testis. Cox4i1, a mitochondrial marker, decreased both in ovary and testis during deltamethrin treatment, probably inhibited by the overproduction of the free radicals after pesticide exposure

Vitamin C Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Behavioral Abnormalities Triggered by Fipronil and Pyriproxyfen Insecticide Chronic Exposure on Zebrafish Juvenile.

Chronic exposure to synthetic insecticides in the early life of a child can lead to a series of disorders. Several causes as parental age, maternal smoking, birth complications, and exposure to toxins such as insecticides on childhood can lead to Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) occurrence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential protective role of vitamin C (Vit. C) from children’s supplements after 14 days chronic exposure to insecticide mixture fipronil (Fip) + pyriproxyfen (Pyr) on juvenile zebrafish for swimming performances, social behavior and oxidative stress associated with ASD model. Juvenile (14–17 mm) wild-type AB zebrafish (Danio rerio) (45 days) were exposed to relevant concentrations: vit. C (25 µg L−1), Fip (600 µg L−1/1.372 μM) + Pyr (600 µg L−1/1.89 μM), and [Fip (600 µg L−1/1.372 μM) + Pyr (600 µg L−1 /1.89 μM)] + vit. C (25 µg L−1). Our results showed that insecticides can disturb the social behavior of zebrafish during 14 days of the administration, decreased the swimming performances, and elevated the oxidative stress biomarkers of SOD (superoxide dismutase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase), and MDA (malondialdehyde). The vitamin C supplement significantly attenuated the neurotoxicity of insecticide mixture and oxidative stress. This study provides possible in vivo evidence to show that vitamin C supplements could attenuate oxidative stress and brain damage of fipronil and pyriproxyfen insecticide chronic exposure on zebrafish juvenile

DECOMPENSATED DIABETES MELLITUS BINOMIAL – EMPHYSEMATOUS PYELONEPHRITIS AND PERIODONTAL DISEASE

Introduction: Periodontal disease and emphysematous pyelonephritis, 2 independent pathologies, were determined by ineffective blood glucose monitoring. Emphysematous pyelonephritis is commonly associated with diabetes, especially in women, with impaired immune system and urinary tract obstruction, which subsequently over-infects. Predisposing factors are: diabetes mellitus, end stage renal disease, immunosuppression, urinary tract obstruction, and rarely polycystic kidney disease. Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the gum and deep periodontal tissues, preceded and accompanied by gingivitis. The primary etiology of the periodontal lesion is anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythensis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Campylobacter rectus, and Treponema denticola. Clinical-case: A 71-year-old patient known for complex pathology addressed our clinic due to lower urinary tract symptoms (pollakiuria, dysuria). The clinical examination reports: overall influenced condition, afebrile, at the level of the oral cavity: generalized inflammation, gingival recession, plaque deposits, small bleeding, swelling and inflammation, abnormal gingival anatomy owing to tissue destruction. Chemistry panel reveals inflammatory syndrome, metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia, pathological urinalysis (leukocyturia, hematuria, microbial flora, ketone bodies), and urine culture positive for E. coli, multidrug resistant (sensitive to Meropenem, Linezolid). The medical imaging (abdominal ultrasound, abdominopelvic CT scan with contrast medium) show lesions associated with emphysematous pyelonephritis. Corroborating the anamnestic, clinical and paraclinical data, the patient was diagnosed with right emphysematous pyelonephritis, periodontal disease and diabetic ketoacidosis. Conclusion: After early initiation of the maximum therapeutic regimen (antibiotic therapy, double J stent and percutaneous nephrostomy), the patient presented a worsening in dynamic of the general condition, chemistry panel and imaging aspect (disorganization of the renal architecture, gas bubbles) the reason why radical nephrectomy was required. Clinical-biological post-operative evolution was good. Adjustment of glycemic values ​​in diabetic patients result in improvement of the periodontal disease symptomatology