UEFA Financial Fair Play: the savior of football or the road to the next Bosman-ruling?

Det styrande organet i europeisk fotboll, UEFA, har nyligen introducerat Financial Fair Play-regler som en del av det sedan tidigare existerande Club Licensing-systemet. Kärnan i Financial Fair Play reglerna är ett break-even-krav som tvingar de europeiska fotbollsklubbarna att leva efter sina resurser. Uppsatsens syfte är att analysera om Financial Fair Play-reglerna är förenliga med EU-rätten. Av särskilt intresse är EU-rättens konkurrensrättsliga regler, som återfinns i Artikel 101 FEUF och Artikel 102 FEUF, samt regeln gällande fri rörlighet för arbetstagare, som återfinns i Artikel 45 FEUF. För att genomföra analysen på ett relevant sätt har sportrelaterad praxis legat i fokus och studerats ingående, eftersom principerna om EU-rättens relation till sport endast kan utläsas från nämda praxis. Dessa principer har sedan tillämpats på Financial Fair Play-reglerna. I uppsatsen dras slutsatsen att Financial Fair Play-reglerna förmodligen skulle klara Wouters-testet och därmed inte utgöra en konkurrensbegränsning under Artikel 101(1) FEUF. På samma sätt skulle reglerna förmodligen vara objektivt försvarbara gällande den fria rörligheten för arbetstagare och därför vara förenliga med Artikel 45 FEUF. Om Financial Fair Play-reglerna inte skulle klara Wouters-testet så skulle de ha en god chans att möta kriterierna för det undantag som återfinns i Artikel 101(3) FEUF. Dock skulle de i så fall ändå inte vara förenliga med Artikel 45 FEUF. Vidare så bör Financial Fair Play-reglerna inte utgöra missbruk av en dominerande ställning under Artikel 102 FEUF. Det ska dock påpekas att man bör vara försiktig med att dra definitiva slutsatser i sådana här fall, eftersom förenligheten med EU-rätten gällande regler utfärdade av styrande sportorgan måste undersökas ifrån fall till fall, då ett proportionalitetstest är ett utav nyckelverktygen. Trots att Financial Fair Play-reglerna troligtvis är förenliga med EU-rätten är det problematiskt att reglerna förmodligen inte kommer att förbättra konkurrensen mellan klubbarna. Förhoppningsvis kommer detta att åtgärdas i framtiden, till exempel genom att reglerna kompletteras med fler åtgärder.The governing body of European football, UEFA, recently adopted the Financial Fair play rules as part of the previously existing Club Licensing system. The core provision of the Financial Fair Play rules are the break-even requirement, which forces the European football clubs to live within their means. The purpose of the thesis is to analyze whether the Financial Fair Play rules are compatible with EU law, especially the competition provisions, regulated in Articles 101 TFEU and 102 TFEU and the free movement of workers, regulated in Article 45 TFEU. In order to make this analyze, sport-related case law has been emphasized and thoroughly examined, since the principles of EU sports law can only be derived from said case law. These principles have then been applied to the Financial Fair play rules. The thesis concludes that the Financial Fair Play rules would probably pass the Wouters test and thereby they would not constitute a restrictive agreement within the meaning of Article 101(1) TFEU. Also, on the same merits, the rules would probably meet the objective justification grounds regarding free movement of workers and therefore be compatible with Article 45 TFEU. If the Financial Fair Play rules would not pass the Wouters test, they would have a good chance of gaining exemption under Article 101(3) TFEU but they would still be deemed incompatible with Article 45 TFEU. Furthermore, the Financial Fair Play rules are not likely to constitute abuse of a dominant position, and therefore they are not prohibited by Article 102 TFEU. However, the thesis also concludes that one should be vary of drawing definite conclusions in these matters, since the compatibility with EU law of rules issued by sport governing bodies must be examined on a case by case basis, with a proportionality test being one of the key features. Even though the Financial Fair Play rules likely are considered to be compatible with EU law, it is problematic that they supposedly will not promote competitive balance. Hopefully, that issue will be addressed in the future, for example by complementing the rules with other measures

Symmetric invariant manifolds in the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam lattice

The Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) lattice with periodic boundary conditions and $n$ particles admits a large group of discrete symmetries. The fixed point sets of these symmetries naturally form invariant symplectic manifolds that are investigated in this short note. For each $k$ dividing $n$ we find $k$ degree of freedom invariant manifolds. They represent short wavelength solutions composed of $k$ Fourier-modes and can be interpreted as embedded lattices with periodic boundary conditions and only $k$ particles. Inside these invariant manifolds other invariant structures and exact solutions are found which represent for instance periodic and quasi-periodic solutions and standing and traveling waves. Some of these results have been found previously by other authors via a study of mode coupling coefficients and recently also by investigating `bushes of normal modes'. The method of this paper is similar to the latter method and much more systematic than the former. We arrive at previously unknown results without any difficult computations. It is shown moreover that similar invariant manifolds exist also in the Klein-Gordon lattice and in the thermodynamic and continuum limits.Comment: 14 pages, 1 figure, accepted for publication in Physica

Ultrafast band-gap renormalization and build-up of optical gain in monolayer MoTe2_2

The dynamics of band-gap renormalization and gain build-up in monolayer MoTe$_2$ is investigated by evaluating the non-equilibrium Dirac-Bloch equations with the incoherent carrier-carrier and carrier-phonon scattering treated via quantum-Boltzmann type scattering equations. For the case where an approximately $300$ fs-long high intensity optical pulse generates charge-carrier densities in the gain regime, the strong Coulomb coupling leads to a relaxation of excited carriers on a few fs time scale. The pump-pulse generation of excited carriers induces a large band-gap renormalization during the time scale of the pulse. Efficient phonon coupling leads to a subsequent carrier thermalization within a few ps, which defines the time scale for the optical gain build-up energetically close to the low-density exciton resonance.Comment: This is a post-peer-review version of an article published in Physical Review