Women's basketball rule infringements in seasonal and national tournament play

The purpose of the study was to investigate the types and frequency of basketball rule infringements that occurred at the college level during the 1971-72 competitive season and the First DGWS National Intercollegiate Basketball Championship. A checklist was prepared to record and identify rule infringements as they occurred during the game. One hundred ten games from eighteen colleges and universities were charted throughout their 1971-72 season. Statisticians from these colleges recorded all rule infringements called by nationally rated officials during the games. Ten games at the First DGWS National Intercollegiate Basketball Championship were also charted making a total of 103 teams participating in the study. The data were analyzed as to frequency of basketball rule infringements occurring during regular season and national tournament play in relation to quarters and point spread. During regular season play, there was an average of 9.31 violations and 8.01 fouls occurring per quarter, yielding a mean of 69.29 infringements called during an entire game. During the First DGWS National Intercollegiate Basketball Championship means of 5.38 violations and 7.90 fouls occurred per quarter averaging 53.10 infringements occurring during an entire game

Molecular tracking of individual host use in the Shiny Cowbird – a generalist brood parasite

Generalist parasites exploit multiple host species at the population level, but the individual parasite's strategy may be either itself a generalist or a specialist pattern of host species use. Here, we studied the relationship between host availability and host use in the individual parasitism patterns of the Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis, a generalist avian obligate brood parasite that parasitizes an extreme range of hosts. Using five microsatellite markers and an 1120-bp fragment of the mtDNA control region, we reconstructed full-sibling groups from 359 cowbird eggs and chicks found in nests of the two most frequent hosts in our study area, the Chalk-browed Mockingbird Mimus saturninus and the House Wren Troglodytes aedon. We were able to infer the laying behavior of 17 different females a posteriori and found that they were mostly faithful to a particular laying area and host species along the entire reproductive season and did not avoid using previously parasitized nests (multiple parasitism) even when other nests were available for parasitism. Moreover, we found females using the same host nest more than once (repeated parasitism), which had not been previously reported for this species. We also found few females parasitizing more than one host species. The use of an alternative host was not related to the main hosts' nest availability. Overall, female shiny cowbirds use a spatially structured and host species specific approach for parasitism, but they do so nonexclusively, resulting in both detectable levels of multiple parasitism and generalism at the level of individual parasites.Fil: de la Colina, María Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Hauber, Mark E.. City University of New York; Estados UnidosFil: Strausberger, Bill M.. Field Museum of Natural History; Estados UnidosFil: Reboreda, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Mahler, Bettina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Brown-headed cowbird reproduction: Oology, parasitism patterns, and mating system.

Brown-headed cowbird reproduction: Oology, parasitism patterns, and mating system