A Theological Justification for Freedom of Religion and Belief as a Universal Right

This chapter explores the extent to which, in the light of this scholarship and the lack of universal application of FoRB, FoRB can still claim to be a universal right. It first explores FoRB’s claims to universalism in international, regional and national rights instruments. It then considers the theoretical basis for FoRB as a universal right in order to discover whether on a philosophical and theological level there are still grounds to support its claim to universalism. This is followed by an overview of the evidence which demonstrates that despite its universal nature in legal instruments and theory, FoRB is far from universally applied. To address this gap between aspirational rights norms and practice this chapter then considers a theory grounded in reformed theology to support FoRB as a universal right

Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma hominis, M. pneumoniae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to GAR-936, Dalfopristin, Dirithromycin, Evernimicin, Gatifloxacin, Linezolid, Moxifloxacin, Quinupristin-Dalfopristin, and Telithromycin Compared to Their Susceptibilities to Reference Macrolides, Tetracyclines, and Quinolones

The susceptibilities of Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to eight new antimicrobial agents were determined by agar dilution. M. pneumoniae was susceptible to the new glycylcycline GAR-936 at 0.12 μg/ml and evernimicin at 4 μg/ml, but it was resistant to linezolid. It was most susceptible to dirithromycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, telithromycin, reference macrolides, and josamycin. M. hominis was susceptible to linezolid, evernimicin, and GAR-936. It was resistant to macrolides and the ketolide telithromycin but susceptible to quinupristin-dalfopristin and josamycin. U. urealyticum was susceptible to evernimicin (8 to 16 μg/ml) and resistant to linezolid. It was less susceptible to GAR-936 (4.0 μg/ml) than to tetracycline (0.5 μg/ml). Telithromycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin were the most active agents against ureaplasmas (0.06 μg/ml). The new quinolone gatifloxacin was active against M. pneumoniae and M. hominis at 0.12 to 0.25 μg/ml and active against ureaplasmas at 1.0 μg/ml. The MICs of macrolides were markedly affected by pH, with an 8- to 32-fold increase in the susceptibility of M. pneumoniae as the pH increased from 6.9 to 7.8. A similar increase in susceptibility with increasing pH was also observed with ureaplasmas. Tetracyclines showed a fourfold increase of activity as the pH decreased 1 U, whereas GAR-936 showed a fourfold decrease in activity with a decrease in pH

Acompanhamento nutricional de criança portadora de anemia falciforme na Rede de Atenção Básica à Saúde Nutritional follow-up of children with sickle cell anemia treated in a Primary Care Unit

OBJETIVO: Relatar estudo de caso de atendimento nutricional a criança com diagnóstico de anemia falciforme. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: Realizaram-se quatro atendimentos nutricionais pela equipe do Internato de Nutrição da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Uerj) no período de julho a setembro de 2005 a criança de 1 a 4 meses, feminina, negra, com anemia falciforme. Na avaliação do estado nutricional e do ganho de peso, empregaram-se os seguintes indicadores antropométricos: comprimento/idade, peso/idade e peso/comprimento, e um indicador de impacto nutricional. A análise dietética compreendeu a avaliação da ingestão energética e de macronutrientes observada na primeira consulta após 30 dias de intervenção. COMENTÁRIOS: Ao longo do período analisado, a baixa estatura para a idade (z=&#8722;1,32) evoluiu para adequação (z=0,87), enquanto o peso em relação ao comprimento manteve-se inadequado (z=&#8722;2,53). O ganho de peso foi 50% inferior ao incremento esperado. O consumo energético inicialmente inadequado (60% das recomendações) alcançou, após 30 dias, 117%. A Estratégia em Saúde da Família vem sendo recomendada como importante ferramenta para monitorar as condições nutricionais, bem como para melhorar a atenção prestada. Entretanto, considerando o modelo de atenção primária local, observa-se haver necessidade de capacitação, especialmente no que tange às peculiaridades inerentes à condição de nutrição e de saúde dos portadores de anemia falciforme.<br>OBJECTIVE: To report the nutritional follow-up of a black baby girl, one year and four months old, with homozygous sickle cell anemia. CASE DESCRIPTION: From July-September 2005, the infant attended four nutritional appointments at the Nutrition Internship Program from the State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The nutritional status was evaluated by the anthropometric indexes: length/age, weight/age and weight/length, and by one indicator of nutritional impact. Analysis of the energy dietary intakes and macronutrients ingestion was performed in two opportunities: at the first nutritional evaluation and 30 days after the first intervention. COMMENTS: At the first nutritional evaluation, the child presented low stature/age (z=&#8722;1,32), that became adequate during the follow-up (z=0,87). The low weight/length (z=&#8722;2,53) was similar at the first and final evaluations. The weight gain during the follow-up period was only 50% of the expected increment. The energy dietary intake was 66% of the recommended energy intake at the first appointment and 117% after 30 days. The Family Health Strategy is recommended as an important tool to monitor nutritional status and improve nutritional care. There is a need of developing professional skills regarding nutritional care of patients with sickle cell anemia