44 research outputs found
Koncentracija tiroksina i trijodtironina u krvnoj plazmi ovaca posle sinhronizacije estrusa u sezoni parenja
Twenty nonpregnant cycling Tsigai ewes in the breeding season were treated for synchronization of estrus using intravaginal progestagen sponges (medroxyprogesterone-acetate, MAP) followed by an intramuscular injection of 350-400 IU of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG). A control group of ewes was formed from 20 animals in the natural estrous cycle. Hormonal status was investigated by determination of plasma triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations using radioimmunoassay (RIA). Samples of jugular venous plasma were collected on the day of sponge insertion (P), the day of estrus (0. day), 7, 14 and 18 days after estrus. Plasma T3 levels in the control group of ewes were significantly lower compared to the ewes after synchronization of estrus, except the level of T3 on day 18 after estrus. Plasma T4 level was not significantly different in the treated and control ewes, except on day 18 after estrus.Ispitivanja hormonalnog statusa ovaca nakon sinhronizacije estrusa u sezoni parenja vrÅ”ena su odreÄivanjem nivoa T3 (trijodtironina) i T4 (tiroksina) u krvnoj plazmi radioimunoloÅ”kom (RIA) metodom. Uzorci krvne plazme su prikupljani na dan stavljanja sunÄera (P), dan estrusa (0. dan), 7, 14. i 18. dana od estrusa. Nivo T3 u krvnoj plazmi kontrolne grupe ovaca u prirodnom estrusnom ciklusu je znaÄajno niži u odnosu na tretirane životinje, osim nivoa T3 18. dana posle estrusa. Nivo T4 nije se znaÄajno razlikovao izmeÄu tretiranih ovaca i kontrolne grupe, izuzev 18 dana ispitivanja, kada je ustanovljen znaÄajno veÄi nivo kod tretiranih gravidnih ovaca
Heritabilnost higijenskog ponaÅ”anja sive medonosne pÄele (Apis mellifera carnica)
Breeding grey A. m. carnica queens for hygienic behavior is beneficial for commercial beekeeping in Serbia, since hygienic behavior is associated with the resistance to the mite Varroa destructor, as well as to American foulbrood and chalk brood. In this work, heritability of hygienic behavior was analyzed in autochthonous grey A. m. carnica honey bees from Å umadija region in order to ascertain if the expression of their hygienic behavior could be enhanced through selective breeding. Heritability of hygienic behavior was monitored through three queen generations and estimated by one-parent-offspring regression method (motherdaughter regression method). The heritability values for hygienic behavior were h2=0.63Ā±0.02 in relationship between daughter queens (F1s) and breeder mother queens (Ps), h2=0.45Ā±0.01 in relationship between grand-daughter queens (F2s) and Ps and h2=0.44Ā±0.02 in relationship between F2s and F1s. These results show that the expression of hygienic behavior through selective breeding could be enhanced and the best results could be achieved in the F1 generation. It is important to emphasize that the F1 colonies bred for hygienic behavior in our study suffer no apparent costs in reproductive and productive performances.Odgajanje matica sive medonosne pÄele A. m. carnica sa ispoljenim higijenskim ponaÅ”anjem od velikog je znaÄaja za komercijalno pÄelarenje u Srbiji, obzirom da je higijensko ponaÅ”anje povezano sa otpornoÅ”Äu prema krpelju Varroa destructor, kao i prema izazivaÄima bolesti ameriÄke truleži pÄelinjeg legla i kreÄnog legla. U ovom radu, ispitivana je heritabilnost higijenskog ponaÅ”anja kod autohtone sive medonosne pÄele A. m. carnica iz Å umadije da bi se utvrdilo da li ispoljenost higijenskog ponaÅ”anja kod tih pÄela može da se poveÄa putem selektivnog gajenja. Heritabilnost higijenskog ponaÅ”anja praÄena je kroz tri generacije matica i procenjivana metodom regresije jedan roditelj-potomak (metoda regresije majka-Äerka). Vrednosti koeficijenta heritabilnosti higijenskog ponaÅ”anja bile su h2=0,63Ā±0,02 izmeÄu Äerki matica (F1s) i majki matica (Ps), h2=0,45Ā±0,01 izmeÄu unuka matica (F2s) i Ps, i h2=0.44Ā±0.02 izmeÄu F2s i F1s. Ovi rezultati pokazuju da ispoljenost higijenskog ponaÅ”anja kod analiziranih pÄela može biti poveÄana, kao i da se najbolji rezultati mogu postiÄi u F1 generaciji. Pri tome je znaÄajno istaÄi da kod druÅ”tava F1 generacije odgajenih na higijensko ponaÅ”anje u naÅ”em radu nije bilo nikakvih negativnih posledica u pogledu reproduktivnih i produktivnih sposobnosti
UÄestalost hromozomskih aberacija u funkciji evaluacije genotoksiÄnog potencijala fumagilina in vivo
Dicyclohexylamine (fumagillin), as an antibiotic produced by fermentation of Aspergillus fumigatus, is used in human medicine for the treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis in patients with HIV infection, intestinal amebiasis and microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis. In veterinary medicine fumagillin is effective in suppressing microsporidiosis of bees and fish. In this study, the genotoxicity of fumagillin was evaluated in mouse bone marrow cells using chromosome aberrations (CA) assay. Dicyclohexylamine was administered to mice by gavage in a dose of 25, 50, 75 mg/kg b.w., with water-sugar syrup as the negative control and cyclophosphamide as the positive control (40 mg/kg b.w) Significantly increased frequency (p lt 0.01 or p lt 0.001) of numerical chromosomal aberrations (aneupliodies and polyploidies) and structural chromosomal aberrations of gaps, breaks and centric rings were observed only at the highest experimental dose of dicyclohexylamine, compared with the negative control. However, in point of induction of Rb translocations, both the median (50 mg/kg b.w) and highest (75 mg/kg b.w) experimental dose showed a significant (p lt 00.001) increase (7.12 Ā± 0.26 and 9.00 Ā± 0.10, respectively) in comparison with the negative control (0.00 Ā± 0.00). Chromosomes 4 and 19 participated in these Rb translocations. These results suggest that dicyclohexilamine (fumagillin) has genotoxic potential in mammal in vivo chromosomal aberration (CA) test system.Dicyclohexylamin (fumagilin), kao antibiotik koga proizvodi gljivica Aspergillus fumigatus, se koristi u humanoj medicini u borbi protiv intestinalnih mikrosporidioza kod pacijenata sa HIV infekcijom, ali i za tretman obolelih od intestinalnih amebijaza i mikrosporidijanog keratokonjunktivitisa. U veterinarskoj medicini efikasan je u leÄenju mikrosporidioza pÄela i drugih insekata uzrokovanih sa Nosema apis, N. cerani, N. bombici, ali i mikrosporidioza riba uzrokovanih sa Myxobolus cerebralis i Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae. U ovom radu ispitivana je genotoksiÄnost dicikloheksilamina kvantifikacijom i kvalifikacijom hromozomskih aberacija u Äelijama kostne srži miÅ”eva soja BALB/c. Dicikloheksilamin je aplikovan miÅ”evima intragastriÄno u dozama od 25, 50, 75 mg/kg b.w., pri Äemu je vodeno-Å”eÄerni sirup predstavljao negativnu, a cyclophosphamid (40 mg/kg b.w) poozitivnu kontrolu. UtvrÄeno je da samo najveÄa doza dicikloheksilamina signifikantno poveÄava uÄestalost (p lt 0.01 ili p lt 0.001) numeriÄkih hromozomskih aberacija (aneupliodija i poliploidija) i strukturnih hromozomskih aberacija tipa gapova, prekida i centriÄnih ringova u poreÄenju sa negativnom kontrolom. MeÄutim, srednja (50 mg/kg b.w) i najviÅ”a (75 mg/kg b.w) eksperimentalna doza izazvale su signifikantno (p lt 0.001) poveÄanje (7.12 Ā± 0.26 i 9.00 Ā± 0.10, respektivno) Robetrsonovih (Rb) translokacija u poreÄenju sa negativnom kontrolom (0.00 Ā± 0.00). U formiranju ovih Rb translokacija utvrÄeno je da uÄestvuju hromozomi 4 i 19. Ovi rezultati sugeriÅ”u da je dicikloheksilamin (fumagilin) ispoljio visok genotoksiÄni potencijal sa sposobnoÅ”Äu indukcije i Rb. Translokacija
Heritabilnost negovateljskog ponaÅ”anja sive medonosne pÄele (Apis mellifera Carnica)
Grooming behavior is considered an important defensive mechanism of honey bees against Varroa mites. The aim of this study was to reveal whether grooming behavior is a useful criterion in breeding of Varroa-tolerant bees. To obtain a reliable evaluation the environmental influences were excluded. The degree of grooming potential was estimated by the percentage of damaged mites in the total number of fallen mites. The heritability of grooming behavior throughout the three consecutive generations of queens was assessed by mother-daughter regression method. Among unselected queens, expressed grooming behavior was recorded only in colonies with F1 queens (36.27%), but not in colonies with P queens and F2 queens (33.69%, 31.66%, respectively). Significant differences in grooming behavior were found between colonies of P and F1 queens (p lt 0.001), and between colonies of P and F2 queens (p lt 0.05). However, all of the three generations of selected queens showed expressed grooming behavior (37.99%, 39.42% and 38.58% in Ps, F1s and F2s, respectively) without significant (p>0.05) difference among them. Nevertheless, the relatively low heritability of grooming behavior in the three generations of queens examined (h2yx=0.49Ā±0.02; h2zx=0.18Ā±0.01; h2zy=0.16Ā±0.01) indicate that breeding colonies for grooming behavior only cannot be advised to beekeepers whose aim is to breed bees highly tolerant to Varroa mites.Negovateljsko ponaÅ”anje se smatra znaÄajnim mehanizmom odbrane pÄela od Varroa krpelja. Cilj ovog rada je bilo ispitivanje negovateljskog ponaÅ”anja, procena njegove heritabilnosti i moguÄnosti poveÄanja ekspresije te osobine putem selekcije. Radi dobijanja pouzdanih rezultata koriÅ”Äenja je metodologija kojom se uticaj spoljaÅ”njih faktora iskljuÄuje. Ispoljenost negovateljskog ponaÅ”anja procenjivana je na osnovu procenta oÅ”teÄenih u ukupnom broju otpalih krpelja. Heritabilnost negovateljskog ponaÅ”anja praÄena na kroz generacije matica i procenjivana metodom regresije majka-Äerka. MeÄu neselekcionisanim maticama, negovateljsko ponaÅ”anje bilo je izraženo samo kod matica F1 generacije (36,27%), ali ne i kod P (33,69%) i F2 generacije (31,66%). StatistiÄki znaÄajne razlike u negovateljskom ponaÅ”anju zabeležene su izmeÄu druÅ”tava P i F1 matica (p lt 0,001) i izmeÄu druÅ”tava P i F2 matica (p lt 0,05). MeÄutim, selekcionisane matice sve tri generacije (Ps, F1s, F2s) su imale izraženo negovateljsko ponaÅ”anje (37,99%, 39,42% i 38,58%) bez statistiÄki znaÄajnih (p>0,05) razlika meÄu njima. Ipak, nizak koeficijent heritabilnosti praÄene osobine (h2yx=0,49Ā±0,02; h2zx=0,18Ā±0,01; h2zy=0,16Ā±0,01) ukazuje da se pÄelarima ne može preporuÄiti selekcija pÄela samo na negovateljsko ponaÅ”anje ako je njihov cilj uzgoj pÄelinjih zajednica poveÄane otpornosti na Varroa krpelje
BioloŔki aktivna jedinjenja u kolostrumu i njihov uticaj na porast prasadi u neonatalnom periodu
Colostrum in domestic animals contains numerous bioactive substances like insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II), epidermal growth factor (EGF), immunoglobulins (Ig), lactoferin (Lf), transferin (Tf) and others. Many of them have distinct functions and stimulate growth and glucose utilization, or have some other, still unknown regulatory function. Bioactive substances influence growth and development of the gastrointestinal tract (GT), and cause many metabolic and endocrine changes in the neonate. Resoption of the bioactive substances from the GT of the neonate could be a specific, receptor dependant, or nonspecific process, and in many cases the exact mechanism(s) have not been completely elucidated. On the other hand there are technological procedures and substances that could effectively increase concentration of some bioactive compounds in the systemic circulation of the neonate. Mineral adsorbent zeolite based on the clinoptilolite could effectively increase blood serum concentrations of some growth factors and hormones, as well as IgG molecules. We are still unaware of the full importance of these technological procedures and products, partly because of very complex additive and/or synergic effects of the different bioactive substances from colostrum on the new borne animals.Kolostrum svinja sadrži mnogobrojne bioloÅ”ki aktivne materije koje imaju utvrÄenu ulogu i deluju kao faktori rasta, hormoni ili imaju druga regulatorna dejstva. Pod uticajem kolostruma u organizmu novoroÄ ene prasadi nastaje veliki broj metaboliÄkih i endokrinih promena, a rast i funkcionalno sazrevanje je najviÅ”e izraženo u sluzokoži digestivnog trakta. Razvoj ovog organskog sistema modifikovan je delovanjem veÄeg broja bioaktivnih jedinjanja koja potiÄu iz kolostruma, ali njihovi efekti za sada nisu sasvim ispitani, niti su dovoljno istraženi mehanizmi resorpcije pojedinih bioloÅ”ki aktivnih jedinjenja. OdreÄenim tehnoloÅ”kim postupcima i nekim materijama (zeolit, na primer), meÄutim, može da se pospeÅ”i transfer bioaktivnih materija iz kolostruma u cirkulaciju novoroÄene prasadi, i time izazove porast njihove koncentracije u krvi. ZnaÄaj ovih tehnoloÅ”kih postupaka i supstancija joÅ” uvek nije potpuno istražen, kao i moguÄi sistemski efekti bioloÅ”ki aktivnih materija posle resorpcije iz kolostruma
Thyroid Hormones Concentrations during the Mid-Dry Period: An Early Indicator of Fatty Liver in Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cows
Relationship between postpartal fatty liver and thyroid gland activity during the peripartal and mid dry periods was studied. Twenty one dry cows were chosen. Blood samples were obtained on days ā30, ā2, and +12 related to calving and analized for thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). A T3/T4 ratio was calculated. Liver tissue samples were taken 12ād after calving and tested for the lipid content. Cows were divided into three groups: mild (<20% fat), moderate (20 to 30%), or severe fatty liver (>30%). Cows, that were affected with severe fatty liver, were hypothyroid prior to development of the condition due to lower T4 concentrations, and had significantly lower concentration of T3 and higher T3/T4 ratios than cows with mild and moderate fatty liver. Thus, hypothyroid state during mid-dry period may be an early indicator of postpartal fatty liver and may provoke T3/T4 ratio increase in this group of cows
Hormonalni status i regulacija glikemije kod novoroÄene teladi tokom prvih sati postnatalnog života
The aim of this study was to examine changes in some hormones concentrations in calves during the first 32 hours of neonatal life and to estimate their association with glycemia. Thyrty two Holstein breed calves were selected for the study. Blood samples were taken at 30, 60 and 90 minutes postnatal. Calves received pooled colostrum: primary colostum (1.5 L, 2 hours after birth), secondary colostrum (2 L, 14 hours after birth) and tertiary colostrum (2 L, 26 hours after birth). Blood samples were taken at hours 5, 20 and 32 of neonatal life. Concentrations of glucose, insulin, cortisol, thyroid hormones and IGF-I and abundance of IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 were determined in the blood serum. The T3/T4 ratio was also calculated. Calves were born hypoglycemic (glycemia was 2.56Ā±1.05 mmol/L at birth). Thereafter, glycemia significantly increased (p lt 0.001) to 3.05Ā±0.89 mmol/L at min 90. Glucose concentration showed a further increase after colostrum intake and was significantly higher than at the initial value in all examined periods (p lt 0.001). During the first 90 minutes of neonatal life insulinemia decreased significantly (p lt 0.001) compared to initial value (26.33Ā±10.05 Ī¼IU/L) and it measured 18.66Ā±5.56 Ī¼IU/L at min 90. Cortisolemia was highest at minute 30 (85.08Ā±19.36 nmol/L) and than decreased until the end of the experiment (p lt 0.001) compared to initial values in samples obtained during the period of colostrum intake. A significantly high correlation was determined between glycemia and cortisolemia in all examined periods before the first colostrums intake (r2=0.854; p lt 0.01 at min 30; r2=0.742; p lt 0.01 at min 60 and r2=0.551; p lt 0.01 at min 90). T4 concentrations significantly increased during the first 2 hours, while T3 concentrations decreased, significantly from min 30 to min 90 postnatal (p lt 0.05). T3/T4 ratio significantly increased during the first 2 hours of neonatal life. After first colostrum intake, concentrations of both hormones rose significantly compared to the initial level, but T3/T4 ratio did not change and maintained the value determined at minute 90. IGF- 1 concentrations significantly decreased during the first 2 postnatal hours. A significant positive correlation was observed between IGF-1 concentration and insulinemia (r2=0.463; p lt 0.05 at min 30, r2=0.662; p lt 0.01 at min 60 and r2=0.583; p lt 0.01 at min 90). IGFBP-3 abundance significantly decreased, while IGFBP-1 significantly increased in this period. IGFBP-2 abundance was highest at birth. Results presented in this study indicate that the increase in glucose concentration during the first 2 hours of neonatal life, before the first colostrum intake is mainly the result of increased activity of the adrenal cortex in cortisol secretion and extrathyroidal tissue thus providing sufficient triiodothyronine. Immaturity of mechanisms responsible for insulin secretion provides the dominance of catabolic processes. Changes of the IGF system provide a rise of glucose concentration and establishment of energy balance.Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispitaju promene koncentracije pojedinih hormona kod novoroÄene teladi u prvim satima neonatalnog života i utvrdi njihov uticaj na glikemiju. Odabrana su 32 novoroÄena teleta HolÅ”tajn rase kojima je 30, 60. i 90. minuta postnatalnog života uzeta krv. Telad su bila napajana pulovima kolostruma. Pul primarnog kolostruma davan je u koliÄinama od po 1,5 litar 2 sata nakon roÄenja, dok su pulovi sekundarnog i tercijarnog kolostruma davani 12, odnosno 24 sata kasnije, u koliÄinama od po 2 litra. Tokom perioda kolostralnog napoja, teladi je uzorkovana krv 5, 20 i 32. sata nakon roÄenja. U uzorcima krvi odreÄ ivana je koncentracija glukoze, insulina, kortizola, tireoidnih hormona i IGF-I, kao i zastupljenost IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2 i IGFBP-3. TakoÄe je obraÄunat indeks konverzije T3 u T4. Telad su bila roÄena u stanju hipoglikemije (koncentracija glukoze na roÄenju je iznosila 2,56 Ā± 1,05 mmol/l). Nakon toga, glikemija je znaÄajno porasla (p lt 0,001) do 3,05 Ā±0,89 mmol/l (90. minut). Porast koncentracije glukoze je nastavljen i nakon unosa kolostruma, tako da je glikemija u svim ispitivanim uzorcima bila znaÄajno veÄa u odnosu na poÄetnu vrednost (p lt 0,001). Tokom prvih 90 minuta neonatalnog života, koncentracija insulina se znaÄajno smanjivala (p lt 0,001) u odnosu na poÄetnu vrednost (26,33 Ā± 10,05 Ī¼IU/l) tako da je 90. minuta postnatalnog života bila 18,66 Ā± 5,56 Ī¼IU/l. Porast insulinemije nakon unosa kolostruma nije bio znaÄajan u odnosu na vrednost odreÄenu 90. minuta. Koncentracija kortizola je bila najviÅ”a 30 minuta nakon teljenja (85,08 Ā± 19,36 nmol/l) a zatim je opadala do kraja perioda ispitivanja i to znaÄajno u odnosu na poÄetnu vrednost (p lt 0,001) u uzorcima dobijenim nakon unosa kolostruma. Visoka pozitivna korelacija je utvrÄena izmeÄu glikemije i kortizolemije u svim ispitivanim terminima pre kolostralnog napoja (r2 = 0,854 u 30. minutu; r2 = 0,742 u 60. minutu i r2= 0,551 u 90. minutu). Koncentracija T4 je znaÄajno rasla tokom prva dva sata neonatalnog života, dok se koncentracija T3 smanjila, znaÄajno od 30. do 90. minuta neonatalnog života (p lt 0,05). Konverzija T3 u T4 je znaÄajno porasla tokom prva dva sata života. Nakon unosa kolostruma, koncentracija oba tireoidna hormona se poveÄavala (znaÄajno u odnosu na poÄetnu vrednost) a indeks konverzije se nije menjao, veÄ se zadržao na vrednosti ustanovljenoj 90. minuta života. Koncentracija IGF-1 se znaÄajno smanjivala tokom prva 2 sata neonatalnog života. Koncentracija IGF-1 je bila u visokoj pozitivnoj korelaciji sa insulinemijom (r2= 0,463 za 30. minut, r2=0,662 za 60. minut i r2=0,583 za 90. minut). Zastupljenost IGFBP-3 se znaÄajno smanjivala, dok se zastupljenost IGFBP-1 znaÄajno poveÄavala u ovom periodu. Zastupljenost IGFBP-2 je bila najveÄa na roÄenju. Rezultati prikazani u ovom radu ukazuju da je porast glikemije u prvim satima života, pre unosa kolostruma, prevashodno posledica pojaÄane aktivnosti kore nadbubrega u sekreciji kortizola i dejodinaza u ekstratireoidnim tkivima koje obezbeÄuju poveÄanu sintezu T3. Sistemi odgovorni za sintezu insulina nisu potpuno funkcionalni u ovom periodu, omoguÄavajuÄi prevagu kataboliÄkih u odnosu na anaboliÄke procese. Promene unutar IGF sistema omoguÄavaju porast glikemije i uspostavljanje energetske ravnoteže
Uticaj tretmana Å”eÄerom u prahu na stepen infestiranosti pÄelinjih zajednica ektoparazitom Varroa destructor
The aim of this work was the investigation on the efficacy of pulverised sugar dusting on knocking-down Varroa destructor mites and the influence of the dynamics of the treatment on the degree of infestation in honey bee colonies. Two methods were deployed to measure the degree of infestation of bee colonies with V. destructor mites: the sugar shake method and the technique which involves mesh bottom boards equipped with sticky inserts. The research was carried out on 30 strong honey bee colonies in three successive years. The results proved that dusting with pulverised sugar (particle diameter below 40 Ī¼m) influenced the fall of V. destructor in comparison with both their fall off prior to the treatment and the negative control. The most discernible effects on the mite fall and the decline in their population in the hives was obtained with dustings repeated at threeday intervals. To conclude, the dynamics of the treatment affected the degree of infestation in bee colonies. However, the efficacy of sugar dusting was significantly lower in comparison with the one of flumethrin (positive control). Thus, in spite of considerable favourable effects on the decline in the degree of infestation with mites, by no means may dusting with pulverised sugar be advised to beekeepers as the one and only means of bee protection against V. destructor. The use of the technique which involves mesh bottom boards equipped with sticky inserts proved more efficacious and sensitive in the judgment of the degree of infestation of bee colonies in comparison with the sugar shake method, which includes dusting 300 bees with 40 g of pulverised sugar (particle diameter below 40 Ī¼m).Cilj rada bio je da se ispita efikasnost primene Å”eÄernog praha u obaranju krpelja Varroa destructor i uticaja dinamike tretmana na stepen infestiranosti pÄelinjih zajednica. Za procenu stepena infestacije pÄelinjih druÅ”tava krpeljima V. destructor koriÅ”Äene su dve metode: metoda rolovanja sa Å”eÄerom i metoda žiÄane podnjaÄe sa lepljivim uloÅ”cima. Istraživanje je obavljeno na 30 jakih pÄelinjih zajednica tokom tri godine. Rezultati su ukazali da je zapraÅ”ivanje prah Å”eÄerom Äestica dijametra ispod 40 Ī¼m imalo efekat u obaranju krpelja V. destructor, u odnosu na stanje pre tretmana i u odnosu na negativnu kontrolu. Najbolji efekat u obaranju krpelja i smanjenju populacije krpelja u koÅ”nici imala je primena prah Å”eÄera svakog treÄeg dana. To znaÄi da je dinamika tretmana uticala na stepen infestiranosti pÄelinjih zajednica. MeÄutim, efikasnost metode zapraÅ”ivanja Å”eÄerom u prahu bila je znaÄajno manja u odnosu na efikasnost flumetrina (pozitivnu kontrolu). Stoga se tretman prah Å”eÄerom nikako ne može preporuÄiti pÄelarima kao jedina mera zaÅ”tite pÄelinjih zajednica od ektoparazita V. destructor i pored uoÄenih pozitivnih efekata na smanjenje stepena infestiranosti tim krpeljom. KoriÅ”Äenje žiÄane podnjaÄe sa lepljivim uloÅ”cima predstavlja mnogo efikasniji i osetljiviji metod za procenu stepena infestiranosti pÄelinjih zajednica Varroa krpeljom u odnosu na metod rolovanja u tegli sa 300 pÄela posutih sa 16 grama Å”eÄera u prahu sa Äesticama Äiji je dijametar manji od 40 Ī¼m
Ispitivanje moguÄnosti primene imunokastracije u cilju spreÄavanja mane polnog mirisa mesa nerastova
Disadvantage of meat known as boar taint is caused by steroids, androstenone being of particular importance, as well as indole and its derivatives, among which the best known is skatole. The common practice in Europe, in order to control these changes in meat, is castration without anesthesia. This intervention causes pain and stress to animals, thus undermining animal welfare. Many countries considering animal welfare try to find the alternative solutions in order to avoid castration. The alternative to surgical castration and possible solution to the problem of sex odour in the meat, as well as androstenone and skatole contents decrease in the boar's fat is immunological castration of boars (immunocastration). Average skatole content in fat tissue of boars was significantly higher (0.21Ā±0.03 Ī¼g/g) compared to skatole content in fat tissue of the castrates, or immunocastrates (0.12Ā±0.02 Ī¼g/g). In adipose tissue of the castrates and immunocastrates there was no significant difference in the average content of skatole. The content of androstenone in the adipose tissue of immunocastrates was below detection limits, and the average androstenone level in adipose tissue of boars was 0.66Ā±0.13 Ī¼g/g. The obtained results show that immunocastration is justified in consideration of the meat quality and can completely replace castration in male animals, which is in compliance with the preservation of animal welfare in rearing fattening young boars.Mani mesa poznatoj kao polni miris mesa doprinose polni steroidi, od kojih je androstenon od posebnog znaÄaja, kao i indol i njegovi derivati, meÄu kojima je najpoznatiji skatol. NajÄeÅ”Äa praksa u Evropi u cilju kontrole ove mane mesa je izvoÄenje kastracije bez anestezije. IzvoÄenjem ove intervencije prouzrokuje se bol i stres i naruÅ”ava dobrobit životinja, Å”to je predstavljalo podsticaj da se u mnogim zemljama, gde je poslednjih godina dobrobit životinja od velikog interesa, odustane od kastracije. NapuÅ”tanje ove metode zahteva nalaženje alternativnih reÅ”enja u cilju otklanjanja ove mane mesa. Jedna od obeÄavajuÄih alternativa hirurÅ”koj kastraciji i potencijalno reÅ”enje problema polnog mirisa mesa, odnosno smanjenja sadržaja androstenona i skatola u masnom tkivu nerastova je imunoloÅ” ka kastracija (imunokastracija). ProseÄan sadržaj skatola u masnom tkivu nerastova bio je znaÄajno veÄi (0.21Ā±0.03 Ī¼g/g) u odnosu na proseÄan sadržaj skatola u masnom tkivu kastrata, odnosno imunokastrata (0.12Ā±0.02 Ī¼g/g). U masnom tkivu imunokastrata i kastrata nije utvrÄena razlika u proseÄnom sadržaju skatola. Sadržaj androstenona u masnom tkivu imunokastrata je bio manji od granice detekcije metode, a u masnom tkivu nerastova proseÄan sadržaj androstenona bio je 0.66Ā±0.13 Ī¼g/g. NaÅ”i rezultati ukazuju da je postupak imunokastracije opravdan sa stanoviÅ”ta prihvatljivosti mesa i da u potpunosti može da se zameni postupak kastracije muÅ”kih jedinki, Å”to ide u prilog oÄuvanju dobrobiti životinja kod uzgoja svinja za tov
Primena metaboliÄkog profila u predviÄanju i dijagnozi masne jetre kod krava holÅ”tajn rase
The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of using results of metabolic profile test in the prediction and diagnosis of fatty liver in Holstein cows. Forty dry cows, 5 to 7 days before calving, were chosen from the commercial dairy herd and included in the study. Four blood samples were taken by jugular venipuncture from each animal: 5 to 7 days before expected calving (dry period), as well as on day 12, 30 and 60 of lactation. Concentrations of glucose, Ī²-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), total protein, albumin, urea, total bilirubin, calcium and phosphorus concentrations were measured in all blood samples. On day 12 after calving, liver percutaneous biopsies were obtained using a biopsy instrument. Liver tissue lipid content was determined by pathohistological determination. Cows were divided into two groups of equal size based on the degree of lipid accumulation in the liver: healthy cows (0.00 fat, n = 20) and cows with fatty liver syndrome (>20% fat, n = 20). Milking was measured each day from day 7 to day 60 of lactation. Results showed that 5 to 7 days before calving, as well as 12 days after calving, BHBA concentrations were significantly higher (p lt 0.001, respectively) in diseased cows than in healthy cows. Additionally, the concentration of glucose was significantly lower (p lt 0.01) and the concentration of total bilirubin significantly higher (p lt 0.001) in diseased compared to healthy cows, at day 12 of lactation. Thirty days after calving, concentrations of albumin, glucose, BHBA and Ca were significantly lower in diseased compared to healthy cows (p lt 0.05, p lt 0.01, p lt 0.01 and p lt 0.001, respectively). At day 60 after calving, concentrations of biochemical parameters did not differ between diseased and healthy cows. The lactation curve differed in diseased compared to healthy cows, starting from day 26 of lactation. Starting form that day until day 60 of lactation average daily milk production was significantly higher in healthy than in diseased cows, except on day 32 of lactation when the difference was not significant. Based on these results it can be concluded that the metabolic profile test may be a reliable tool for the prediction and diagnosis of fatty liver in Holstein cows.Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita moguÄnost koriÅ”Äenja rezultata dobijenih odreÄivanjem metaboliÄkog profila u predviÄanju i dijagnostikovanju sindroma masne jetre kod krava holÅ”tajn rase. U ogled je bilo ukljuÄeno 40 krava holÅ”tajn rase u periodu zasuÅ”enja, odnosno 5 do 7 dana pre oÄekivanog termina teljenja. Kravama su uzorci krvi uzeti punkcijom vene jugularis 4 puta i to 5 do 7 dana pre oÄekivanog termina teljenja, kao i 12., 30. i 60. dana laktacije. U uzorcima krvi odreÄivane su koncentracije ukupnih proteina, albumina, uree, glukoze, BHBA, ukupnog bilirubina, kalcijuma i fosfora. Dvanaest dana nakon teljenja perkutanom biopsijom uzet je uzorak jetre u kome je, patohistoloÅ”kim pregledom, odreÄen sadržaj ukupnih lipida. Nakon pregleda tkiva jetre krave su podeljene u dve jednake grupe. Krave kod kojih je stepen zamaÅ”Äenje jetre bio veÄi od 20% (obolele krave, n = 20) i krave bez prisustva masnih kapljica u uzorcima jetre (zdrave krave, n = 20). MleÄnost je praÄena svakodnevno od sedmog do 60. dana laktacije. Dobijeni rezultati su ukazali da je 5 do 7 dana pre oÄekivanog termina teljenja kao i 12. dana laktacije koncentracija BHBA bila znaÄajno viÅ”a (p lt 0.001, pojedinaÄno) kod obolelih nego kod zdravih krava. TakoÄe, 12 dana nakon teljenja, koncentracija glukoze (p lt 0.01) je bila znaÄajno niža, a koncentracija bilirubina znaÄajno viÅ”a (p lt 0.001) kod obolelih nego zdravih krava. Tridesetog dana nakon teljenja koncentracija albumina, glukoze, BHBA i Ca je bila znaÄajno niža kod obolelih u odnosu na zdrave krave (p lt 0,05; p lt 0,01; p lt 0,01 i p lt 0,001, pojedinaÄ no). Å ezdesetog dana nakon teljenja koncentracije ispitivanih parametara se nisu znaÄajno razlikovale izmeÄu obolelih i zdravih krava. Laktaciona kriva je imala razliÄiti trend kod zdravih i bolesnih krava poÄevÅ”i od 26. dana nakon teljenja. Od tog dana pa do 60. dana laktacije proseÄna dnevna mleÄnost je bila znaÄajno viÅ”a kod zdravih nego obolelih krava, izuzev 32. dana laktacije kada ta razlika nije bila znaÄajna. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zakljuÄiti da se metaboliÄki profil može sa visokom pouzdanoÅ”Äu koristiti u predviÄanju i dijagnostici zamaÅ”Äenja jetre kod krava HolÅ”tajn rase