The development of the French novel from Madame de la Fayette to Pierre Loti.

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston Universit

Automobiles Autarky and Authority: The Effects of Nazi Centralized Economic Planning 1932-1942

This thesis examines the benefits and drawbacks of Nazi centralized economic planning. From an entirely political and economical standpoint, Hitler and the National Socialists’ highly regulated and restrictive policies were initially beneficial for Germany because they created a centralized economic vision and improved national morale. The liberal ideology of the Weimar Republic resulted in major class divisions within the nation, where laissez-faire economics left middle-citizens marginalized and at the mercy of profit-seeking big businesses. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 exposed the weaknesses of liberalism and resulted in a massive rise in political resentment. The regime accumulated power because their economic plan was anti-capitalist and aimed at benefiting the entire German collective. The party continuously promoted the idea of Volksgemeinschaft, which was a plan to create a strong and unified German community. Many German industrial businesses opposed the regime’s rise to power because their policies limited business freedom. Volkswagen, Bosch GmbH, and IG Farben are three companies that exemplify the pros and cons of Nazi centralization and the effect their policies had on the national economy. The party attacked the nation’s economic crisis by creating and subsidizing projects in the nation’s automotive sector because Hitler believed a nation’s standard of living could be measured by how many citizens owned a motorcar. Thus they created huge public works projects, such as the Autobahn and Volkswagen, to alleviate the labor crisis and improve the nation’s transportation sector. Volkswagen was a massive project entirely sponsored by the state that aimed to make the motorcar a basic good owned by all German citizens. It was a piece of Hitler’s Volksprodukt campaign that was supposed to help Germany become a richer consumer society. The nation’s automotive sector was also improved by the regime when they offered tax deductions for companies willing to participate in motorization projects. The incentive motivated private businesses to become involved in the nation’s vision and led many companies to greatly prosper, such as Bosch GmbH. As Germany’s automotive sector developed, the regime began promoting policies that would strengthen the nation on a macroeconomic level. In 1936 the NSDAP announced the Four Year Plan, a policy that hoped to make the nation entirely independent and self-sufficient in four years’ time. The party supported private businesses that bought into this vision, which prompted many companies to form close relations with the party. IG Farben, for instance, greatly benefited under Nazi rule because it rearranged its business to concentrate on the research and development of synthetic alternatives. Nazi centralized economic planning had Germany on course to not only become one of the most powerful nations in Europe, but the world. The Third Reich’s system eventually deservedly failed because it denied basic freedoms to private businesses and citizens and committed atrocious acts to races deemed inferior. Political centralization allowed the regime to accumulate too much power, leading to demands that the entire nation share their vision. Private businesses lost independence and were coerced to participate in national projects. In addition, Nazi law infringed on citizens’ civil liberties since the party had the power to imprison, fine, or kill anyone that opposed their ideology. Nazi centralization ultimately failed when they began using their power and authority to exterminate Jews and other innocent races. Volkswagen, IG Farben, and Bosch GmbH are three companies that help demonstrate the benefits and drawbacks of Nazi centralized economic planning and the effect it had on industrial Germany

The American Bar and the Supreme Court Proposal

The issue regarded most seriously was, of course, the proposed increase of the Supreme Court, and, a bit more incidentally, the changes of the lower Federal Courts. Against such an increase the American Bar Association was emphatic. Thirteen out of every fifteen members said no such result can be permitted. This issue is the only one which gets much attention from the public. However serious the other considerations may be, the lay citizens of the United States can think only of the necessity of protection to their Supreme Court. Our influence in this situation must of necessity be great. Whatever the people may think of us, ordinarily, as a class, one can hardly doubt but that in this crisis they wish our advice and help. They must have it and have it abundantly

Sincerity and Intellectual Honesty in Leaders

Address of Hon. Frederick H. Stinchfield, President of the American Bar Association, at the Annual Meeting of the Indiana State Bar Association, July 10, 1937

A Triptych Inquiry: Rethinking Sustainability, Innovation, and Financial Performance

Management scholars have sought to answer the question: is there a financial payoff for ad-dressing ecological and social issues? We move beyond this question and include a time com-ponent for corporate financial performance (CFP) and a firm’s innovativeness in order to ask: when does it pay? Combining a contingency perspective with the resource-based view of the firm clarifies the positive relationship between corporate environmental and social perform-ance (ESP) and CFP, which only holds in the long-term but not in the short-term. Further, we find support for a moderating effect of innovation on the relationship between the ESP and short-term CFP as suggested by the literature. However, we empirically show that in the long-term, innovation mediates the ESP-CFP relationship suggesting that innovation should be considered as a long-term investment required to unlock the full potential of ESP initiatives

Problem gambling and suicidality in England: secondary analysis of a representative cross-sectional survey

Objectives: Problem gamblers in treatment are known to be at high risk for suicidality, but few studies have examined if this is evident in community samples. Evidence is mixed on the extent to which an association between problem gambling and suicidality may be explained by psychiatric comorbidity. We tested whether they are associated after adjustment for co-occurring mental disorders and other factors. Study design: Secondary analysis of the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007, a cross-sectional na- tional probability sample survey of 7403 adults living in households in England. Methods: Rates of suicidality in problem gamblers and the rest of the population were compared. A series of logistic regression models assessed the impact of adjustment on the relationship between problem gambling and suicidality. Results: Past year suicidality was reported in 19.2% of problem gamblers, compared with 4.4% in the rest of the population. Their unadjusted odds ratios (OR) of suicidality were 5.3 times higher. Odds attenuated but remained significant when depression and anxiety disorders, substance dependences, attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and other factors were accounted for (adjusted OR 1⁄4 2.9, 95% confi- dence interval 1⁄4 1. 1, 8.1 P 1⁄4 0.023). Conclusions: Problem gamblers are a high-risk group for suicidality. This should be recognised in indi- vidual suicide prevention plans and local and national suicide prevention strategies. While some of this relationship is explained by other factors, a significant and substantial association between problem gambling and suicidality remains

Age of first arrest varies by gambling status in a cohort of young adults

Background and Objectives: To describe the association between social and problem gambling and first criminal arrest by age 23 in a cohort of urban, mainly African-American youth. Methods: Data for this study were derived from several annual interviews being completed on a community sample of 617 participants during late adolescence until age 23. Information on gambling status, engagement in deviant behaviors, illegal drug use, and arrest history were collected through yearly interviews. Analysis was carried out using Nelson–Aalen cumulative hazard models and simple and adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. Results: More problem gamblers had been arrested before age 23 than social gamblers and non-gamblers, ie, 65% of problem gamblers were arrested before age 23, compared to 38% of social gamblers and 24% non-gamblers. Social gambling was only significantly associated with the hazard of first arrest by age 23 in the unadjusted model (HR: 1.6, p < .001), but not after adjustment for covariates (HR: 1.1, p = .47). Problem gambling was significantly associated with the hazard of first arrest by age 23 years in the unadjusted (HR: 3.6, p < .001) and adjusted models (HR: 1.6, p = .05). Conclusions and Scientific Significance: Problem gambling was significantly associated with earlier age of being arrested. Dilution effects after adjustment for several deviant behaviors and illegal drug use by age 17 suggest that youth exposure to certain common factors may result in engagement in multiple risky behaviors, including problem gambling. Studies are needed to investigate the developmental pathways that lead to these combined behaviors among youth

Reliability, Validity, and Cut Scores of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) for Chinese

We examined the reliability, validity, and classification accuracy of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) when adopted for use in Chinese. The DSM-IV criteria for pathological gambling served as the standard against which the classification accuracy of the SOGS was tested. A total of 283 Chinese adults in the community and 94 Chinese treatment-seeking gamblers were recruited. The internal reliability of the SOGS was satisfactory for the general sample and acceptable for the gambling sample. The SOGS was correlated with the DSM-IV criteria items as well as psychosocial and gambling-related problems. Relative to the DSM-IV criteria, the SOGS tended to overestimate the number of pathological gamblers in both samples. In general, we were relatively confident that individuals were not pathological gamblers if the SOGS scores were between 0 and 4 and were pathological gamblers if the SOGS were between 11 and 20. There was about 50–50 chance of being pathological gamblers if the SOGS scores were between 8 and 10. However, the probability of individuals being pathological gamblers was about 0.30 if the SOGS scores were between 5 and 7. We proposed a SOGS cut score of 8 to screen for probable pathological gambling in Chinese societies

Mineral Industries (Volumes 1 through 40 were entitled The Ore Bin). Governing Board

Second class postage paid at Portland, Oregon. Subscription rates: I year $6; 3 years,$15. Single issues, $.75 at counter,$1 mailed