Additional file 1 of High prevalence and significant ethnic differences in actionable HbA1C after gestational diabetes mellitus in women living in Norway

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Participant flow-chart. Fig. S2. HbA1c and OGTT-based prevalence (95% CI) of prediabetes and diabetes by ethnicity and different diagnostic criteria

Additional file 2 of High prevalence and significant ethnic differences in actionable HbA1C after gestational diabetes mellitus in women living in Norway

Additional file 2: Table S1. Performance of FPG, HbA1c, and FPG & HbA1c by ethnicity for diagnosing prediabetes and diabetes compared to different diagnostic criteria. Table S2. Performance of different combinations of FPG and HbA1c cut-offs for diagnosing prediabetes or diabetes compared to ADA criteria. Table S3. Logistic regression analysis showing odds ratio (OR) with 95 % CI for actionable ADA-HbA1c (defined as prediabetes or diabetes) after adjusting for covariates. Table S4. The participating and non-participating women’s characteristics by ethnicity

Beta Cell Function, Hepatic Insulin Clearance, and Insulin Sensitivity in South Asian and Nordic Women after Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

South Asians have higher risk of type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) than Nordic women; however the mechanisms behind this difference remain unclear. We investigated insulin sensitivity, beta cell function, and hepatic insulin clearance, in 179 South Asian and 108 Nordic women ~17 months after GDM (mean age 35.3 years and BMI 29.1 kg/m2), via an oral glucose tolerance test using deconvolution of C-peptide kinetics. 31% of South Asian and 53% of Nordic participants were normoglycemic at the time of measurement. South Asian women had higher area under the curve (AUC) for glucose, pre-hepatic insulin, peripheral insulin, and lower levels of insulin sensitivity, disposition index, and fasting hepatic insulin clearance compared with Nordic women. In the group with prediabetes or diabetes, South Asian women displayed similar AUC for glucose and pre-hepatic insulin, but higher AUC for peripheral insulin, and lower levels of disposition index, and fasting hepatic insulin clearance compared with Nordic women. The waist-to-height ratio mediated ~25-40% of the ethnic differences in insulin sensitivity in normoglycemic women. Overall, our novel data showed that normoglycemic South Asian women after GDM displayed lower insulin secretion for a given insulin resistance, and lower hepatic insulin clearance compared with Nordic women. South Asian women are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes after GDM, and preventive efforts should be prioritized. </p