The Physiological and Biomechanical Causes of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness and Subsequent Methods of Intervention

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) is a common problem affecting many people with active lifestyles - from teenagers all the way to ,the elderly. DOMS is soreness arising from strenuous activity, and peaking in intensity 24-48 hours after the cessation of the activity. DOMS is commonly seen in the clinic and can often hinder a patient\u27s progress in therapy. , It is well documented in the literature that eccentric exercises promote an increase in the frequency and intensity of DOMS, however, research regarding the metabolic and structural changes of the affected muscles and subsequent effective preventative and treatment strategies are widely scattered. Thus most therapists do not have the time or the resources to track down all the relevant literature. My objective with this study is to provide a concise and organized reference for therapists in order to assist them and their patients in avoiding the occurrence of DO MS. Also, this paper will provide therapists with information as to the causes and treatment of DOMS so that they may minimize the soreness and functional deficits in their respective patients in cases when DOMS does occur

On rational homology disk smoothings of valency 4 surface singularities

Thanks to the recent work of Bhupal, Stipsicz, Szabo, and the author, one has a complete list of resolution graphs of weighted homogeneous complex surface singularities admitting a rational homology disk ("QHD") smoothing, i.e., one with Milnor number 0. They fall into several classes, the most interesting of which are the three classes whose resolution dual graph has central vertex with valency 4. We give a uniform "quotient construction" of the QHD smoothings for these classes; it is an explicit Q-Gorenstein smoothing, yielding a precise description of the Milnor fibre and its non-abelian fundamental group. This had already been done for two of these classes in a previous paper; what is new here is the construction of the third class, which is far more difficult. In addition, we explain the existence of two different QHD smoothings for the first class. We also prove a general formula for the dimension of a QHD smoothing component for a rational surface singularity. A corollary is that for the valency 4 cases, such a component has dimension 1 and is smooth. Another corollary is that "most" H-shaped resolution graphs cannot be the graph of a singularity with a QHD smoothing. This result, plus recent work of Bhupal-Stipsicz, is evidence for a general Conjecture: The only complex surface singularities with a QHD smoothing are the (known) weighted homogeneous examples.Comment: 28 pages: title changed, typos fixed, references and small clarifications adde

Associating the origin and spread of sound change using agent-based modelling applied to /s/-retraction in English

The study explored whether an asymmetric phonetic overlap between speech sounds could be turned into sound change through propagation around a community of speakers. The focus was on the change of /s/ to /ʃ/ which is known to be more likely than a change in the other direction both synchronically and diachronically. An agent-based model was used to test the prediction that communication between agents would advance /s/-retraction in /str/ clusters (e.g. string). There was one agent per speaker and the probabilistic mapping between words, phonological classes, and speech signals could be updated during communication depending on whether an agent listener absorbed an incoming speech signal from an agent talker into memory. Following interaction, sibilants in /str/ clusters were less likely to share a phonological class with prevocalic /s/ and were acoustically closer to /ʃ/. The findings lend support to the idea that sound change is the outcome of a fortuitous combination of the relative size and orientation of phonetic distributions, their association to phonological classes, and how these types of information vary between speakers that happen to interact with each other

'Shadows and Silence Under Glass': On the British Lineage of Fernand Khnopff, Henri Le Sidaner and Frank Brangwyn's fin-de-siècle depictions of Bruges

The thesis proceeds from two observations. The first is that, at the end of the nineteenth century, three artists Fernand Khnopff, Henri Le Sidaner and Frank Brangwyn - who were from disparate backgrounds and different artistic traditions - all depicted Bruges using a strikingly similar aesthetic. The second is that, in the first instance, this aesthetic derives from Belgian Symbolist conceptions of Bruges; to the extent that main motifs adopted and even some of the artistic methods used were effectively proposed by the writer Georges Rodenbach in his extensive writings on Bruges (as eloquently encapsulated by the phrase, ‘shadows and silence under glass’ from his novel, Le Carillonneur). The argument proposed in the thesis is that Khnopff, Le Sidaner and Brangwyn’s images of Bruges, although Symbolist in character, owe much to earlier British ideas of Bruges. And, furthermore, the means they utilised to realise their images were informed by the practices of certain British artists and art photographers. In consequence, the Bruges works of the three artists can be said to have – at least in part - a British lineage. The thesis traces, elucidates, and contextualises this lineage. It describes successive encounters with Bruges by British poets, writers, architects and scholars and it examines how the city came to be viewed by them an as an exemplary place. It looks at the reception of these ideas in Bruges and it examines how they influenced Symbolist conceptions of the city - as expressed in Rodenbach’s writings and as embodied in the Bruges works of Khnopff, Le Sidaner and Brangwyn. The thesis further considers how the distinctive aesthetic used by the artists in these works was informed by the work of Edward Burne-Jones and James McNeill Whistler and it uncovers the previously unremarked influence of British Pictorialist photography, especially on the work Khnopff. The thesis demonstrates how Khnopff, Le Sidaner and Brangwyn’s twilight images of Bruges were the product of a series of extended, varied and shifting cultural exchanges throughout the nineteenth century in which the British played a prominent part. And it places their works within a wider discourse, in which Bruges was construed as an antidote or an alternative to the dislocation and disruption associated with rapid industrialisation and urbanisation. Bruges as it was imagined at the end of the nineteenth century has been proposed as an ‘anti-Paris’ but, according to the thesis, it might equally be characterised as an ‘anti-London’ or an ‘anti-Manchester’

The Effect on Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations in the Resuscitation of Asphyxiated Newborn Piglets with 21%, 50% or 100% Oxygen

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