THE IMPACT OF KNAPWEED ON MONTANA'S ECONOMY

The economic impact of three invasive, exotic weeds--diffuse, spotted, and Russian knapweed (Centaurea diffusa, C. maculosa, and Acroptilon repens)--on Montana's economy was estimated using a procedure developed for another invasive weed species. Published data and that from a survey of county weed boards were used to estimate direct negative impacts of over $14 million annually due to infestation of over 2 million acres of rangeland and wildland. This amounts to about$10.63 on each infested grazing land acre and $3.95 on each infested wildland acre. Direct plus secondary economic impacts, estimated using an input-output model, are about$42 million annually, which could support over 500 jobs in the state's economy. This first approximation suggests the knapweed infestation problem in Montana deserves attention, although more work could be done to refine these estimates and to allow estimation of the impacts at sub-state levels.knapweed (Centaurea diffusa, C. maculosa, and Acroptilon repens), Montana, economic impact, invasive weeds, rangeland, wildland, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Swirling to Graduation: Student Reflections on their Educational Journey

Many students who wish to receive a post-secondary undergraduate degree do not take a linear path. Instead, they opt for a multiple educational institution pathway (swirling) to accomplish an undergraduate degree. Unfortunately, swirling has its complexities and challenges, and many students will drop out of college and not return to obtain a degree. While there is research on this growing population, there is little specifically from the viewpoint of the student, thus lacking the complete story from the swirling students themselves. This study adds to the literature on swirling students and to understanding the cognitive, social, and institutional challenges and supports they encountered along the way. The purpose of this qualitative narrative inquiry study was to investigate the experiences of students who attended multiple educational institutions (swirling) and successfully transitioned into a four-year public urban university and completed an undergraduate degree. Six participants, in their last semester before graduation, volunteered to participate in this study. This study will reveal each participant’s swirling journey, including the education interruptions and re-entries they experienced. Emerging themes will be revealed that include high school preparation, individual persistence, family influences, and institutional barriers and supports. The participant journey themes provide a glimpse into the individual struggles with racial inequity, English as a second language, and uncertainty of a career focus and expose institutional lack of communication and instructional care. The study will offer advice for students and provide practical suggestions for educational institution instruction, student services, and policy that may assist swirling students in their persistence to degree completion

3-PG Productivity Modeling of Regenerating Amazon Forests: Climate Sensitivity and Comparison with MODIS-Derived NPP

Potential forest growth predicted by the Physiological Principles in Predicting Growth (3-PG) model was compared for forest and deforested areas in the Legal Amazon to assess potential differing regeneration associated with climate. Historical deforestation and regeneration have occurred in environmentally marginal areas that influence regional carbon sequestration estimates. Effects of El Niño–induced drought further reduce simulated production by decreasing soil water availability in areas with shallow soils and high transpiration potential. The model was calibrated through comparison of literature biomass and with satellite-based estimates. Net primary productivity (NPP) for mature Amazonian forests from the 3-PG model was positively correlated (r 2 = 0.77) with a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-derived algorithm, though with some bias. Annual total NPP for the study area using a 1961–90 average climatology was 4.6 Pg C yr−1, which decreased to 4.2 Pg C yr−1 when simulated with climate from the severe 1997/98 El Niño event. From a regional analysis, results showed that biomass accumulation is almost entirely controlled by the availability of soil water. Also, areas currently forested in the eastern Amazon are more sensitive to extreme El Niño–induced drought than southern areas with the greatest deforestation extent

Density Matrix Approach to Local Hilbert Space Reduction

We present a density matrix approach for treating systems with a large or infinite number of degrees of freedom per site with exact diagonalization or the density matrix renormalization group. The method is demonstrated on the 1D Holstein model of electrons coupled to Einstein phonons. In this system, two or three optimized phonon modes per site give results as accurate as with 10-100 bare phonon levels per site.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Development of a closed CAR-T manufacturing process

The field of immunotherapy has emerged as a promising new type of treatment for cancer with the approval of the first two CAR-T therapies. The clinical success of T-cell based immunotherapies necessitates a robust manufacturing process for these products to be consistently produced at commercial scale. Our CAR-T workflow combines unit operation specific solutions for thaw of an apheresis unit, wash, CD3 selection, T-cell activation, lentiviral transduction, incubator- and reactor-based expansion culture, harvest, formulation, cryopreservation and thaw of CAR-T product. We have evaluated the impact of both serum-containing and xeno-free culture media, commercially available T-cell selection and activation reagents, closed small-scale culture vessel options, alternative solutions to enhance transduction, and the specific timing of process steps to develop a modular platform process that is robust and flexible for the varied needs of CAR-T developers. Frozen apheresis units are processed using the SmartWash protocol on the SepaxTM 2 and T-cells are isolated with EasySepTM Release CD3 Positive Selection Kit. The cells are then activated with ImmunoCult CD3/CD28/CD2 T-cell activator before being transduced 24 hours later using the SepaxTM 2. Expansion of Tcells are carried out in two stages: incubator-based culture before going into the XuriTM Cell Expansion System W25 with a perfusion feeding regime. Cultured cells are then harvested and washed in Plasmalyte-A with human serum albumin and formulated with CryoStor® CS10 using the FlexCell protocol on the Sefia™ Cell Processing System. The final cell products are cryopreserved using the VIA Freeze controlled-rate freezer. We have also accessed a point-of-care thawing strategy using the VIA Thaw. Our CAR-T process achieves greater than 1.0E10 expanded T-cells with \u3e80% eGFP transduction efficiency across an 8-day manufacturing process