Multiloop algebras, iterated loop algebras and extended affine Lie algebras of nullity 2

Let M(n) be the class of all multiloop algebras of finite dimensional simple Lie algebras relative to n-tuples of commuting finite order automorphisms. It is a classical result that M(n) the class of all derived algebras modulo their centres of affine Kac-Moody Lie algebras. This combined with the Peterson-Kac conjugacy theorem for affine algebras results in a classification of the algebras in M(1). In this paper, we classify the algebras in M(2), and further determine the relationship between M(2) and two other classes of Lie algebras: the class of all loop algebras of affine Lie algebras and the class of all extended affine Lie algebras of nullity 2.Fil: Allison, Bruce. University of Alberta; CanadáFil: Berman, Stephen. No especifica;Fil: Pianzola, Arturo. University of Alberta; Canadá. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Vection in depth during treadmill walking

Vection has typically been induced in stationary observers (ie conditions providing visual-only information about self-motion). Two recent studies have examined vection during active treadmill walking--one reported that treadmill walking in the same direction as the visually simulated self-motion impaired vection (Onimaru et al, 2010 Journal of Vision 10(7):860), the other reported that it enhanced vection (Seno et al, 2011 Perception 40 747-750; Seno et al, 2011 Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 73 1467-1476). Our study expands on these earlier investigations of vection during observer active movement. In experiment 1 we presented radially expanding optic flow and compared the vection produced in stationary observers with that produced during walking forward on a treadmill at a 'matched' speed. Experiment 2 compared the vection induced by forward treadmill walking while viewing expanding or contracting optic flow with that induced by viewing playbacks of these same displays while stationary. In both experiments subjects' tracked head movements were either incorporated into the self-motion displays (as simulated viewpoint jitter) or simply ignored. We found that treadmill walking always reduced vection (compared with stationary viewing conditions) and that simulated viewpoint jitter always increased vection (compared with constant velocity displays). These findings suggest that while consistent visual-vestibular information about self-acceleration increases vection, biomechanical self-motion information reduces this experience (irrespective of whether it is consistent or not with the visual input)

Caving In: An Archaeology of Historical Cave Exploration and Exploitation

While the archaeological investigation of caves with these dark zones has been developing for some time, this work has almost exclusively focused on prehistoric activities. This paper demonstrates the value of a historical archaeological examination of dark zone caves. Archaeology in caves with extended dark zones offers unique insight into the interaction of the natural world with the encroaching capitalist world system due both to the difficulty of access and the lack of generalized occupational sites. We propose a theoretical and methodological framework to explore how these caves have interacted with modern capitalist enterprises in the historical perio

State Labor Law and Federal Police Reform

In April of 1997, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) reacheda settlement agreement with the Pittsburgh Bureau of Police(PBP) to correct a pattern of unconstitutional misconduct.\u27 It wasthe first time the DOJ had used 42 U.S.C. § 14141 to interveneinto a local police department to correct systemic misconduct.The statute, passed in response to the Rodney King beating,provides the U.S. Attorney General with the power to seekequitable relief against troubled local police departments. As the reform process began to unfold in Pittsburgh, problemssoon emerged. The consent decree required Pittsburgh toimprove its process for investigating and responding to civiliancomplaints. But at times, the PBP found it difficult to complywith this requirement, in part because the city had agreed to acollective bargaining agreement with the police union that limitedwhich complaints were eligible for investigation. While theconsent decree established ambitious goals for improvement, italso included a clause that read: Nothing in this Decree isintended to alter the collective bargaining agreement between theCity and the Fraternal Order of Police. This meant that, inattempting to reform the Pittsburgh Police Department via§ 14141, the DOJ was effectively limited in its reach because of theterms of the collective bargaining agreement. As Jonathan M.Smith, the former Chief of the Special Litigation Section of theDOJ\u27s Civil Rights Division has observed, the Pittsburgh experience is hardly unique. In the over twenty years since theDOJ has had the power under § 14141 to seek equitable reliefagainst police departments, it has often had to take on lesssufficient reform strategies because of the barrier of police unioncontracts

State Labor Law and Federal Police Reform

In April of 1997, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) reacheda settlement agreement with the Pittsburgh Bureau of Police(PBP) to correct a pattern of unconstitutional misconduct.\u27 It wasthe first time the DOJ had used 42 U.S.C. § 14141 to interveneinto a local police department to correct systemic misconduct.The statute, passed in response to the Rodney King beating,provides the U.S. Attorney General with the power to seekequitable relief against troubled local police departments. As the reform process began to unfold in Pittsburgh, problemssoon emerged. The consent decree required Pittsburgh toimprove its process for investigating and responding to civiliancomplaints. But at times, the PBP found it difficult to complywith this requirement, in part because the city had agreed to acollective bargaining agreement with the police union that limitedwhich complaints were eligible for investigation. While theconsent decree established ambitious goals for improvement, italso included a clause that read: Nothing in this Decree isintended to alter the collective bargaining agreement between theCity and the Fraternal Order of Police. This meant that, inattempting to reform the Pittsburgh Police Department via§ 14141, the DOJ was effectively limited in its reach because of theterms of the collective bargaining agreement. As Jonathan M.Smith, the former Chief of the Special Litigation Section of theDOJ\u27s Civil Rights Division has observed, the Pittsburgh experience is hardly unique. In the over twenty years since theDOJ has had the power under § 14141 to seek equitable reliefagainst police departments, it has often had to take on lesssufficient reform strategies because of the barrier of police unioncontracts