Overview of the experimental treatments specifying name, acronym, number of replicates and details of each treatment.

<p>Overview of the experimental treatments specifying name, acronym, number of replicates and details of each treatment.</p

Potential contribution of different food sources to the diet of each amphibian species.

<p>Mean estimated proportion of each of the seven potential sources (detritus, algae, zooplankton, and four types of macrophytes) in the diet of three anuran species under five different ecological scenarios: low and high larval density, absence of spadefoot toads (<i>P</i>. <i>cultripes</i>), presence of free native dytiscid beetles, or presence of invasive red swamp crayfish. In the case of newts (<i>T</i>. <i>pygmaeus</i>), only two sources were considered since they do not consume macrophytes or algae. Also, no newts survived the presence of free crayfish.</p

Stable isotopic values for each amphibian species in the density treatments of the experiment.

<p><i>δ</i>¹⁵N and <i>δ</i>¹³C values (mean ‰ <b>±</b> SE) of <i>H</i>. <i>meridionalis</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>cultripes</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>perezi</i>, and <i>T</i>. <i>pygmaeus</i> muscle in three different density treatments: low density of amphibian larvae (<i>Low</i>), a three-fold increase of the density from the low treatment (<i>High</i>), and exclusion of the competitive species <i>P</i>. <i>cultripes</i> (<i>No Pc</i>).</p

Potential contribution of different food sources to the diet of each amphibian species.

<p>Mean estimated proportion of each of the seven potential sources (detritus, algae, zooplankton, and four types of macrophytes) in the diet of three anuran species under five different ecological scenarios: low and high larval density, absence of spadefoot toads (<i>P</i>. <i>cultripes</i>), presence of free native dytiscid beetles, or presence of invasive red swamp crayfish. In the case of newts (<i>T</i>. <i>pygmaeus</i>), only two sources were considered since they do not consume macrophytes or algae. Also, no newts survived the presence of free crayfish.</p

Stable isotopic values for each amphibian species in the presence / absence of predators.

<p><i>δ</i>¹⁵N and <i>δ</i>¹³C values (mean ‰ ± SE) of <i>H</i>. <i>meridionalis</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>cultripes</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>perezi</i>, and <i>T</i>. <i>pygmaeus</i> muscle in the presence of native dytiscid larvae (free or caged, <i>Nat Free</i> or <i>Nat Caged</i>), or in the presence of invasive red swamp crayfish (free or caged, <i>Inv Free</i>,or Inv Caged), compared to absence of predators (<i>Low</i>).</p

Stable isotope biplot of each amphibian species and sources of the experiment.

<p><i>δ</i>¹⁵N and <i>δ</i>¹³C values (mean ‰ <b>±</b> SD) of the amphibians included in this study (<i>Hyla meridionalis</i>, <i>Pelobates cultripes</i>, <i>Pelophylax perezi</i>, and <i>Triturus pygmaeus</i>) pooled across all experimental treatments for a general view of differences in trophic status among species. Resources are also shown as means <b>±</b> SD. The discrimination factors were added to the sources and not subtracted to the consumers to allow different discrimination factors to be assigned to different sources.</p

A Bayesian Inference phylogram of all seven <i>C. emmaé’s</i> haplotypes obtained from MtDNA COI (622 bp) data.

<p>Values by nodes indicate Bayesian Inference posterior probabilities (BPP).</p

Map of <i>C. emmae</i> sampled nest localities across its distributional range (transect) in Morocco near Ouarzazate in 2010.

<p>Pie charts are Bayesian estimates of the population structure (log likelihood ln P(D/K). saturation at K = 13) based on microsatellite variation of all 27 sites sampled localities. Dashed areas indicate mitochondrial haplotypes (indicated as H1-7) as inferred from the Medium Joining network. The square by the wadi indicates the location of the fine-scale sampling plot at 1.8 km from Ait Ibourk.</p

Population structure of <i>C. emmae</i> assessed by multilocus genotype clustering by Structure.

<p>Each colony is represented by a small vertical bar. (A) population structure following Evanno <i>et al</i> 2005 (K = 2). (B) Population structure following the estimated logarithmic probability of the data ln P(D/K) being explained (K = 13). Nest codes (27) start from 1 at Agrd Noudoz (Northwest) and continue increasing numerically to 25 in Skoura (Northeast) and 26–27 at Tamnougalt (Southeast).</p

Bird_etal_shark_trophic_geography

Carbon isotope data compiled from muscle tissues of 5394 sharks from 114 species. Data provided include d13C values, latitude of capture, designation as shelf, slope or oceanic shark, length, depth of capture (where available), C/N ratios of muscle, and lipid extraction method if used. Also included are phytoplankton d13C data modelled from Magozzi et al 2016 (Ecosphere 8(5):e01763. 10.1002/ecs2.1763). Model data expressed as the median and standard deviation d13C value for the Longhurst Biogeographic province corresponding to the location of shark captur