Case Note: Property Law—Outdoor Advertising Control Acts Slice City Funds into the Bunker—In re Denial of Eller Media Company’s Applications for Outdoor Advertising Device Permits in the City of Mounds View

This note first examines a brief history of the municipal development of the comprehensive plan and outdoor advertising control legislation, the federal government’s promulgation of the Highway Beautification Act, and the Minnesota Outdoor Advertising Control Act. Upon review of the background of the Eller Media case, this note highlights the opinion rendered by the Minnesota Supreme Court. An analysis of the supreme court’s interpretation in light of the outdoor advertising control acts and regulations follows, including an examination of the policies that underlie the pertinent statutes. This note concludes that based on the state of the golf course today, the supreme court’s strict interpretation of the advertising control statutes focused too narrowly on the zoning label instead of the actual land use

Case Note: Property Law—Outdoor Advertising Control Acts Slice City Funds into the Bunker—In re Denial of Eller Media Company’s Applications for Outdoor Advertising Device Permits in the City of Mounds View

This note first examines a brief history of the municipal development of the comprehensive plan and outdoor advertising control legislation, the federal government’s promulgation of the Highway Beautification Act, and the Minnesota Outdoor Advertising Control Act. Upon review of the background of the Eller Media case, this note highlights the opinion rendered by the Minnesota Supreme Court. An analysis of the supreme court’s interpretation in light of the outdoor advertising control acts and regulations follows, including an examination of the policies that underlie the pertinent statutes. This note concludes that based on the state of the golf course today, the supreme court’s strict interpretation of the advertising control statutes focused too narrowly on the zoning label instead of the actual land use

Association studies of up to 1.2 million individuals yield new insights into the genetic etiology of tobacco and alcohol use

Tobacco and alcohol use are leading causes of mortality that influence risk for many complex diseases and disorders 1 . They are heritable 2,3 and etiologically related 4,5 behaviors that have been resistant to gene discovery efforts 6–11 . In sample sizes up to 1.2 million individuals, we discovered 566 genetic variants in 406 loci associated with multiple stages of tobacco use (initiation, cessation, and heaviness) as well as alcohol use, with 150 loci evidencing pleiotropic association. Smoking phenotypes were positively genetically correlated with many health conditions, whereas alcohol use was negatively correlated with these conditions, such that increased genetic risk for alcohol use is associated with lower disease risk. We report evidence for the involvement of many systems in tobacco and alcohol use, including genes involved in nicotinic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmission. The results provide a solid starting point to evaluate the effects of these loci in model organisms and more precise substance use measures