Brillouin Echoes for Advanced Distributed Sensing in Optical Fibres

Brillouin scattering is particularly efficient and attractive for the implementation of strain and temperature distributed sensing in optical fibres. Recently a trend has been observed that modern advanced applications require a substantial step towards better spatial resolution, while preserving temperature/strain precision over a long range. For this purpose the state of the art does not satisfy all these requirements. In this thesis we present a radically new approach named Brillouin Echoes distributed sensing (BEDS) that allows covering these requirements. In the first part, we propose an updated configuration of the classical existing Brillouin sensor for time domain analysis allowing drastic noise reduction. Then we investigate the limitations (due to non-linear effects) of the classical Brillouin sensor in terms of long distance range measurements. The identified nonlinear effects are pump depletion due to SBS itself, self-phase modulation (SPM), modulation instability (MI), which occurs only in fibres presenting an anomalous dispersion at the pump wavelength and Raman scattering (RS). We propose the modeling of the pump depletion effect to obtain analytical expressions that are useful for the proper design of a BOTDA sensor and for the determination of a very small depletion. The model confirmed by experimental measurements is informative on the conditions maximizing the depletion effect; therefore a standard configuration can be defined to test the value of the depletion in the set-up. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SPM-induced spectral broadening can have a significant effect on the measured effective gain linewidth. Modeling and experiments have undoubtedly demonstrated that the effective gain linewidth can easily experience a two-fold increase in standard conditions when the pulse intensity profile is Gaussian. We showed that the problem can be practically circumvented by using a clean rectangular pulse with very sharp rising and falling edges. The theoretical and experimental analysis of the undesirable effects of MI and forward RS in distributed BOTDA sensors systems gives a simplified expression to predict the critical power for a given distance range. MI turns out to be the dominant nonlinear limitation since it shows the lowest critical power, but it is less critical since it can be avoided to a wide extent by using the fibre in the normal dispersion spectral region such as a DSF in the C-band. On the other hand Raman scattering can be avoided only by limiting the optical pump power and therefore is the ultimate nonlinear limitation in a distributed sensing system. Under similar conditions RS shows a critical power ∼5 times larger than MI. In the second part, we present the new approach Brillouin echo distributed sensing (BEDS) which has proved to be a powerful solution to realize sub-metric spatial resolutions in Brillouin distributed measurements. We have demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally that an optimized configuration is reached when the optical wave is π-phase shifted. The experimental tests have shown a spatial resolution down to 5 cm, with a clear margin for further improvement down to a real centimetric spatial resolution. This optimized configuration produce the best contrast independently of the pulse intensity, with a factor 2 of improvement compared to other techniques based on the same approach (dark pulse, bright pulse). This extends the dynamic range by 3 dB, which corresponds in standard loss conditions to a 5 km extension of the sensing range. An analytical developed model has proved to be an excellent tool not only for optimizing the pumping scheme but also in post-processing the measured data. Finally the potentialities of BEDS technology provide solutions in real contexts. Using the BEDS technology in landslide monitoring at laboratory scale, for the first time it became possible to observe the failure propagation in laboratory scale with an accurate precision. Furthermore, using BEDS we have proposed and demonstrated the possibility of mapping geometrical structure fluctuations along a photonic crystal fibre (PCF). Both long- and short-scale longitudinal fluctuations in the Brillouin frequency shift have been identify and quantify. Observation of Brillouin linewidth broadening in PCF fibre through distributed measurement of the Brillouin gain spectrum using BEDS has allowed fundamental understanding of SBS in PCF fibre and in their design in view of applications to optical-strain/temperature sensing

Impact of Raman scattering and modulation instability on the performances of Brillouin sensors

The impact of Raman scattering and modulation instability is studied in Brillouin time-domain analysis systems. It turns out to be very detrimental for long-range sensing as a result of the extended interaction length combined to the high pump peak pulse power. The conditions under which these effects limit the sensing range are determined and the modeling is very well confirmed by experimental results

Impact of pump depletion on the determination of the Brillouin gain frequency in distributed fiber sensors

The energy transfer between the two interacting optical waves in a distributed sensor based on stimulated Brillouin scattering can lead to a non-uniform spectral distribution of the pumping power after a long propagation. This results in a spectrally distorted gain that biases the determination of the maximum gain frequency. A quantitative analytical model gives an expression for the tolerable pump power change keeping the maximum bias within a given accuracy

Fast measurement of local PMD with high spatial resolution using stimulated Brillouin scattering

Abstract Local beat length with a 21.5cm spatial resolution is measured in one second along a single mode fibre using the polarisation dependence of stimulated Brillouin scattering, in a non-destructive and simple way. Introduction It has been demonstrated over the past two decades that polarisation mode dispersion (PMD) may limit the ultimate data rate through an optical fibre. The basic reason for PMD is the presence of intrinsic or induced birefringence within the fibre. Measuring the local birefringence would thus provide key information to localize the fibre segments mainly contributing to PMD, so that an efficient action could be undertaken for cable upgrade. A simple solution based on Rayleigh reflectometry using polarized light, the socalled POTDR techniqu

Optimized configuration for high resolution distributed sensing using Brillouin echoes

A novel configuration has been developed to optimize the response of Brillouin echoes for distributed fibre sensing. Fully resolved measurements of the Brillouin frequency shift of a 5cm spot perturbation have been performed using a 500 ps (5cm) pulse width. The linewidth of the measured Brillouin gain spectrum remains comparable to the intrinsic linewidth for any pulse width. The high accuracy and inherent stability of the technique have been successfully verified

Impact of self phase modulation on the performance of Brillouin distributed fibre sensors

The spectral broadening of the pump pulse through self phase modulation in a time domain distributed Brillouin sensor is demonstrated to have a non-negligible detrimental effect, leading to a doubling of the effective gain linewidth after some 20 km in standard conditions. The theoretical modeling is fully confirmed by experimental results

Experimental verification of the effect of slow light on molecular absorption

The absorption of light by a gas molecule has been measured comparatively using light propagating in normal conditions and in a slow light regime. The experiment is designed to make the 2 measurements possible without modifying the interaction conditions, so that the sole effect of slow light is unambiguously observed. A 26% group velocity reduction induced by stimulated Brillouin scattering in a gas-filled microstructured fiber caused no observable change in the measured absorption, so that it is proved that material slow light does not enhance Beer-Lambert absorption and has a null impact on gas sensing or spectroscopic applications

Study of a progressive failure in soil using BEDS

In Geotechnical Engineering, progressive failure in soil-structure interaction is one of the least understood problems. It is difficult to study this phenomenon at laboratory scale, because of the large amount of strain gages required per unit length/area of the structure, which would interfere with the mechanical properties of both the structure and the soil. The recently developed Brillouin Echo Distributed Sensor (BEDS) technology overcomes this dilemma by distributed readings and 5cm spatial resolution. A laboratory pullout testing program has been carried out to verify applicability of BEDS for the study of progressive failure in the soil-structure interaction

Complete experimental characterization of stimulated Brillouin scattering in photonic crystal fiber

International audienceWe provide a complete experimental characterization of stimulated Brillouin scattering in a 160 m long solid-core photonic crystal fiber, including threshold and spectrum measurements as well as positionresolved mapping of the Brillouin frequency shift. In particular, a three-fold increase of the Brillouin threshold power is observed, in excellent agree-ment with the spectrally-broadened Brillouin gain spectrum. Distributed measurements additionally reveal that the rise of the Brillouin threshold results from the broadband nature of the gain spectrum all along the fiber and is strongly influenced by strain. Our experiments confirm that these unique fibers can be exploited for the passive control or the suppression of Brillouin scattering