Accuracy of Mesh Based Cosmological Hydrocodes: Tests and Corrections

We perform a variety of tests to determine the numerical resolution of the cosmological TVD eulerian code developed by Ryu et al (1993). Tests include 512^3 and 256^3 simulations of a Pk=k^{-1} spectrum to check for self-similarity and comparison of results with those from higher resolution SPH and grid-based calculations (Frenk et al 1998). We conclude that in regions where density gradients are not produced by shocks the code degrades resolution with a Gaussian smoothing (radius) length of 1.7 cells. At shock caused gradients (for which the code was designed) the smoothing length is 1.1 cells. Finally, for \beta model fit clusters, we can approximately correct numerical resolution by the transformation R^2_{core}\to R^2_{core}-(C\Delta l)^2, where \Delta l is the cell size and C=1.1-1.7. When we use these corrections on our previously published computations for the SCDM and \Lambda CDM models we find luminosity weighted, zero redshift, X-ray cluster core radii of (210\pm 86, 280\pm 67)h^{-1}kpc, respectively, which are marginally consistent with observed (Jones & Forman 1992) values of 50-200h^{-1}kpc. Using the corrected core radii, the COBE normalized SCDM model predicts the number of bright L_x>10^{43}erg/s clusters too high by a factor of \sim 20 and the \Lambda CDM model is consistent with observations.Comment: ApJ in press (1999

Redox-active ferrocene-modified Cowpea mosaic virus nanoparticles

A naturally occurring nanoparticle, the plant virus Cowpea mosaic virus, can be decorated with ferrocene derivatives, of various linker lengths with amine and carboxylategroups, on the external surface using a range of conjugation strategies. The multiple, organometallic, redox-active ferrocene moieties on the outer surface of the virus are electrochemically independent with reduction potentials that span a potential window of 0.16 V that are dependent on the site of modification and the nature of the ferrocene derivative. The number of ferrocenes coupled to each virus ranges from about 100 to 240 depending upon the conjugation site and the linker length and these redox active units can provide multielectron reservoirs

Differences in Mnemonic Processing by Neurons in the Human Hippocampus and Parahippocampal Regions

Different structures within the medial-temporal lobe likely make distinct contributions to declarative memory. In particular, several current psychological and computational models of memory predict that the hippocampus and parahippocampal regions play different roles in the formation and retrieval of declarative memories [e.g., Norman, K. A., & O\u27Reilly, R. C. Modeling hippocampal and neocortical contributions to recognition memory: A complementary-learning systems approach. Psychological Review, 110, 611-646, 2003]. Here, we examined the neuronal firing patterns in these two regions during recognition memory. Recording directly from neurons in humans, we find that cells in both regions respond to novel stimuli with an increase in firing (excitation). However, already on the second presentation of a stimulus, neurons in these regions show very different firing patterns. In the parahippocampal region there is dramatic decrease in the number of cells responding to the stimuli, whereas in the hippocampus there is recruitment of a large subset of neurons showing inhibitory (decrease from baseline firing) responses. These results suggest that inhibition is a mechanism used by cells in the human hippocampus to support sparse coding in mnemonic processing. The findings also provide further evidence for the division of labor in the medial-temporal lobe with respect to declarative memory processes

Cosmological SPH simulations with four million particles: statistical properties of X-ray clusters in a low-density universe

We present results from a series of cosmological SPH (smoothed particle hydrodynamics) simulations coupled with the P3M (Particle-Particle-Particle-Mesh) solver for the gravitational force. The simulations are designed to predict the statistical properties of X-ray clusters of galaxies as well as to study the formation of galaxies. We have seven simulation runs with different assumptions on the thermal state of the intracluster gas. Following the recent work by Pearce et al., we modify our SPH algorithm so as to phenomenologically incorporate the galaxy formation by decoupling the cooled gas particles from the hot gas particles. All the simulations employ 128^3 particles both for dark matter and for gas components, and thus constitute the largest systematic catalogues of simulated clusters in the SPH method performed so far. These enable us to compare the analytical predictions on statistical properties of X-ray clusters against our direct simulation results in an unbiased manner. We find that the luminosities of the simulated clusters are quite sensitive to the thermal history and also to the numerical resolution of the simulations, and thus are not reliable. On the other hand, the mass-temperature relation for the simulated clusters is fairly insensitive to the assumptions of the thermal state of the intracluster gas, robust against the numerical resolution, and in fact agrees well with the analytic prediction. Therefore the prediction for the X-ray temperature function of clusters on the basis of the Press-Schechter mass function and the virial equilibrium is fairly reliable.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal. 18 pages with 7 embedded figure

Determinação dos graus-dia e do número de dias para atingir o estádio de diferenciação da panícula de cultivares de arroz irrigado.

bitstream/CPACT-2010/12898/1/boletim-88.pd

Models of Disk Evolution: Confrontation with Observations

We present simple models for disk evolution based on two different approaches: a forward approach based on predictions generic to hierarchical models for structure formation (e.g., Mo, Mao, & White 1998) and a backwards approach based on detailed modeling of the Milky Way galaxy (e.g., Bouwens, Cayon, & Silk 1997). We normalize these models to local observations and predict high-redshift luminosities, sizes, circular velocities, and surface brightnesses. Both approaches yield somewhat similar predictions for size, surface brightness, and luminosity evolution though they clearly differ in the amount of number evolution. These predictions seem to be broadly consistent with the high-redshift observations of Simard et al. (1999), suggesting that the B-band surface brightness of disks has indeed evolved by ~1.5 mag from z~0 to z~1 similar to the models and is not an artifact of selection effects as previously claimed. We also find a lack of low surface brightness galaxies in several high redshift samples relative to model predictions based on local samples (de Jong & van der Kruit 1994; Mathewson, Ford, & Buchhorn 1992).Comment: 34 pages, 9 figures, accepted to Ap

Aberrant Cortical Activity In Multiple GCaMP6-Expressing Transgenic Mouse Lines

Transgenic mouse lines are invaluable tools for neuroscience but as with any technique, care must be taken to ensure that the tool itself does not unduly affect the system under study. Here we report aberrant electrical activity, similar to interictal spikes, and accompanying fluorescence events in some genotypes of transgenic mice expressing GCaMP6 genetically-encoded calcium sensors. These epileptiform events have been observed particularly, but not exclusively, in mice with Emx1-Cre and Ai93 transgenes, across multiple laboratories. The events occur at >0.1 Hz, are very large in amplitude (>1.0 mV local field potentials, >10% df/f widefield imaging signals), and typically cover large regions of cortex. Many properties of neuronal responses and behavior seem normal despite these events, though rare subjects exhibit overt generalized seizures. The underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon remain unclear, but we speculate about possible causes on the basis of diverse observations. We encourage researchers to be aware of these activity patterns while interpreting neuronal recordings from affected mouse lines and when considering which lines to study

The Evolution of the Galaxy Sizes in the NTT Deep Field: a Comparison with CDM Models

The sizes of the field galaxies with I<25 have been measured in the NTT Deep Field. Intrinsic sizes have been obtained after deconvolution of the PSF with a multigaussian method. The reliability of the method has been tested using both simulated data and HST observations of the same field. The distribution of the half light radii is peaked at r_{hl} 0.3 arcsec, in good agreement with that derived from HST images at the same magnitude. An approximate morphological classification has been obtained using the asymmetry and concentration parameters. The intrinsic sizes of the galaxies are shown as a function of their redshifts and absolute magnitudes using photometric redshifts derived from the multicolor catalog. While the brighter galaxies with morphological parameters typical of the normal spirals show a flat distribution in the range r_{d}=1-6 kpc, the fainter population at 0.4<z<0.8 dominates at small sizes. To explore the significance of this behaviour, an analytical rendition of the standard CDM model for the disc size evolution has been computed. The model showing the best fit to the local luminosity function and the Tully-Fisher relation is able to reproduce at intermediate redshifts a size distribution in general agreement with the observations, although it tends to underestimate the number of galaxies fainter than M_B~ -19 with disk sizes r_d~ 1-2 kpc.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures, ApJ in press, Dec 199

Soma térmica de fases de desenvolvimento de cultivares de arroz irrigado em função da época de semeadura.

O desenvolvimento da planta de arroz é afetado pela temperatura do ar e assim, a influência da temperatura nos processos de desenvolvimento vegetal pode ser expressa pela soma térmica, com unidade graus dia (ºC dia). O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a soma térmica de fases de desenvolvimento de quatro cultivares de arroz em três épocas de cultivo. Foi conduzido um experimento na área de várzea do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria com três datas de semeadura (17/10/2011, 18/11/2011 e 19/12/2011) e quatro cultivares de ciclos distintos: IRGA 421 (ciclo superprecoce), BRS Querência (ciclo precoce), IRGA 424 (ciclo médio) e SCSBRS Tio Taka (ciclo tardio). A duração (º C dia) da fase de emergência - diferenciação de panícula aumentou com o atraso da data de semeadura, enquanto a duração da fase antese ? início da maturação dos grãos foi similar entre as cultivares semeadas no período recomendado pelo zoneamento agrícola