Apparent Alkyl Transfer and Phenazine Formation via an Aryne Intermediate

Treatment of chlorotriaryl derivatives 3a and 3d or fluorotriaryl derivatives 3b and 3e with potassium diisopropylamide afforded alkyl-shifted phenazine derivatives 5a/5b, rather than the expected 9-membered triazaorthocyclophane 2a. The phenazine derivatives were isolated in 78–98% yield depending on the halogen and alkyl group present. In the absence of the halogen (chloro or fluoro), the apparent alkyl shift proceeds more slowly and cannot proceed via the intermediacy of the aryne intermediate. Mechanistic possibilities include intramolecular nucleophilic attack on an aryne intermediate leading to a zwitterionic intermediate and alkyl transfer via a 5-endo-tet process, or via a Smiles rearrangement

Language characterization in 16p11.2 deletion and duplication syndromes

Expressive language impairment is one of the most frequently associated clinical features of 16p11.2 copy number variations (CNV). However, our understanding of the language profiles of individuals with 16p11.2 CNVs is still limited. This study builds upon previous work in the Simons Variation in Individuals Project (VIP, now known as Simons Searchlight), to characterize language abilities in 16p11.2 deletion and duplication carriers using comprehensive assessments. Participants included 110 clinically ascertained children and family members (i.e., siblings and cousins) with 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 deletion and 58 with 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 duplication between the ages of 2-23 years, most of whom were verbal. Regression analyses were performed to quantify variation in language abilities in the presence of the 16p11.2 deletion and duplication, both with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and cognitive deficit. Difficulties in pragmatic skills were equally prevalent in verbal individuals in both deletion and duplication groups. NVIQ had moderate quantifiable effects on language scores in syntax and semantics/pragmatics (a decrease of less than 1 SD) for both groups. Overall, language impairments persisted even after controlling for ASD diagnosis and cognitive deficit. Language impairment is one of the core clinical features of individuals with 16p11.2 CNVs even in the absence of ASD and cognitive deficit. Results highlight the need for more comprehensive and rigorous assessment of language impairments to maximize outcomes in carriers of 16p11.2 CNVs

Apparent Alkyl Transfer and Phenazine Formation via an Aryne Intermediate

Treatment of chlorotriaryl derivatives <b>3a</b> and <b>3d</b> or fluorotriaryl derivatives <b>3b</b> and <b>3e</b> with potassium diisopropylamide afforded alkyl-shifted phenazine derivatives <b>5a</b>/<b>5b</b>, rather than the expected 9-membered triazaorthocyclophane <b>2a</b>. The phenazine derivatives were isolated in 78–98% yield depending on the halogen and alkyl group present. In the absence of the halogen (chloro or fluoro), the apparent alkyl shift proceeds more slowly and cannot proceed via the intermediacy of the aryne intermediate. Mechanistic possibilities include intramolecular nucleophilic attack on an aryne intermediate leading to a zwitterionic intermediate and alkyl transfer via a 5-<i>endo-tet</i> process, or via a Smiles rearrangement

Apparent Alkyl Transfer and Phenazine Formation via an Aryne Intermediate

Treatment of chlorotriaryl derivatives <b>3a</b> and <b>3d</b> or fluorotriaryl derivatives <b>3b</b> and <b>3e</b> with potassium diisopropylamide afforded alkyl-shifted phenazine derivatives <b>5a</b>/<b>5b</b>, rather than the expected 9-membered triazaorthocyclophane <b>2a</b>. The phenazine derivatives were isolated in 78–98% yield depending on the halogen and alkyl group present. In the absence of the halogen (chloro or fluoro), the apparent alkyl shift proceeds more slowly and cannot proceed via the intermediacy of the aryne intermediate. Mechanistic possibilities include intramolecular nucleophilic attack on an aryne intermediate leading to a zwitterionic intermediate and alkyl transfer via a 5-<i>endo-tet</i> process, or via a Smiles rearrangement

Marketing hospitality industry in an era of crisis

The article examines and evaluates Greek hotels’ marketing strategies during recession. It focuses on the investigation of hospitality practices during crisis, marketing strategies and innovation, development of competitive advantage, use of IT for marketing, and the influential links between them. It also examines the impacts of accommodation category and geographical type of hotel. The research is based on a nationwide e-mail survey to hospitality managers/owners (N=914). The results reveal the significant effort put into production cost minimisation, the direct effect of this on marketing strategies, the strong enterprising focus on marketing innovation, and the impact of the use of IT for marketing purposes, whilst the accommodation category has a greater impact on the examined constructs than does geographical type. The conceptualisation adopted provides recommendations for hospitality owners and managers along with a better understanding of the aspects contributing to hospitality marketing in a period of recession and political instability