The Relationship of School Enrollment Size with Academic Achievement in Secondary Schools

This investigation was designed to examine the relationship between school enrollment size and academic achievement. Fourteen schools in the East-Central region of Illinois formed the focus of this study. The schools were grouped according to the number of enrolled students: small-size (less than 300); mid-size (300-799); and large-size (over 800). Data for the study were obtained from the 1987 School Report Cards. Report Cards are documents that were completed by schools in the state of Illinois to review the status of their educational programs. Data from the Report Cards included measures of academic achievement and also descriptive data on the schools involved in the study. Academic achievement was defined as a composite of a student\u27s progress in school as determined by graduation rates, achievement test scores, and core-curriculum enrollment rates. Low-income enrollment rates, pupil-teacher ratios, attendance rates, and per pupil expenditures were used to provide a descriptive profile of the schools involved in the study. Additional information regarding course offerings was obtained from school reports supplied by school administrators. Statistical analysis procedures were performed on these data and included frequency distributions and correlational analyses. Overall, it was found that school characteristics differed in small-size, mid-size and large-size schools. It was also determined that the characteristics associated with small-size schools were significantly related to academic achievement (p \u3c .05). The results of the study indicated that small-size schools facilitated for high levels of academic achievement

The Relationship of School Enrollment Size with Academic Achievement in Secondary Schools

This investigation was designed to examine the relationship between school enrollment size and academic achievement. Fourteen schools in the East-Central region of Illinois formed the focus of this study. The schools were grouped according to the number of enrolled students: small-size (less than 300); mid-size (300-799); and large-size (over 800). Data for the study were obtained from the 1987 School Report Cards. Report Cards are documents that were completed by schools in the state of Illinois to review the status of their educational programs. Data from the Report Cards included measures of academic achievement and also descriptive data on the schools involved in the study. Academic achievement was defined as a composite of a student\u27s progress in school as determined by graduation rates, achievement test scores, and core-curriculum enrollment rates. Low-income enrollment rates, pupil-teacher ratios, attendance rates, and per pupil expenditures were used to provide a descriptive profile of the schools involved in the study. Additional information regarding course offerings was obtained from school reports supplied by school administrators. Statistical analysis procedures were performed on these data and included frequency distributions and correlational analyses. Overall, it was found that school characteristics differed in small-size, mid-size and large-size schools. It was also determined that the characteristics associated with small-size schools were significantly related to academic achievement (p \u3c .05). The results of the study indicated that small-size schools facilitated for high levels of academic achievement

Pain, Analgesic Use, and Patient Satisfaction With Spinal Versus General Anesthesia for Hip Fracture Surgery : A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: The REGAIN (Regional versus General Anesthesia for Promoting Independence after Hip Fracture) trial found similar ambulation and survival at 60 days with spinal versus general anesthesia for hip fracture surgery. Trial outcomes evaluating pain, prescription analgesic use, and patient satisfaction have not yet been reported. OBJECTIVE: To compare pain, analgesic use, and satisfaction after hip fracture surgery with spinal versus general anesthesia. DESIGN: Preplanned secondary analysis of a pragmatic randomized trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02507505). SETTING: 46 U.S. and Canadian hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged 50 years or older undergoing hip fracture surgery. INTERVENTION: Spinal or general anesthesia. MEASUREMENTS: Pain on postoperative days 1 through 3; 60-, 180-, and 365-day pain and prescription analgesic use; and satisfaction with care. RESULTS: A total of 1600 patients were enrolled. The average age was 78 years, and 77% were women. A total of 73.5% (1050 of 1428) of patients reported severe pain during the first 24 hours after surgery. Worst pain over the first 24 hours after surgery was greater with spinal anesthesia (rated from 0 [no pain] to 10 [worst pain imaginable]; mean difference, 0.40 [95% CI, 0.12 to 0.68]). Pain did not differ across groups at other time points. Prescription analgesic use at 60 days occurred in 25% (141 of 563) and 18.8% (108 of 574) of patients assigned to spinal and general anesthesia, respectively (relative risk, 1.33 [CI, 1.06 to 1.65]). Satisfaction was similar across groups. LIMITATION: Missing outcome data and multiple outcomes assessed. CONCLUSION: Severe pain is common after hip fracture. Spinal anesthesia was associated with more pain in the first 24 hours after surgery and more prescription analgesic use at 60 days compared with general anesthesia. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institut