Perfil de crescimento de crianças matriculadas em programa de suplementação alimentar

The growth profile of 1,511 children attending a supplementary feeding program was studied over the year after admission. The children, aged 6 to 72 month and from five cities of the Greater S. Paulo region (Brazil), were attending the official Brazilian supplementary "Nutrition and Health Program" (PNS). Weight and height for age were used as indicators, and were expressed as centile values of the anthropometric reference standard (NCHS). At admission, the profile for weight and for height was deviated to the left, showing a great concentration of children in the lower deciles and few in the higher ones, thus characterizing a malnourished population. One year later, the growing profile of the children showed an improvement of the nutritional status, as there had been a noteworthy decrease in the number of children in the first decile for all ages in both weight and height. The height of the children age 12 to 24 month showed a great improvement as 49% of them had been in the first decile at admission, but this percentage diminished to 18% after just one year on the program.Com o objetivo de conhecer o perfil de crescimento de beneficiários de um programa de suplementação alimentar, estudou-se 1511 crianças de 6 a 72 meses de idade, de cinco municípios da Grande São Paulo, Brasil que freqüentaram o Programa de Nutrição em Saúde (PNS), pelo período de um ano. Foram utilizados indicadores peso e altura para a idade, expressos em valores de percentís correspondentes ao padrão antropométrico de referência NCHS. Esse perfil foi traçado no momento da matrícula e após um ano de programa, segundo grupos etários, momento em que o perfil encontrado estava desviado para a esquerda, tanto para as distribuições de peso como de altura, concentrando maior freqüência de crianças nos primeiros decis e escassez no últimos, caracterizando uma população desnutrida. O perfil correspondente aos dois indicadores, após um ano de programa, evidenciou melhora do estado nutricional, uma vez que houve acentuada diminuição da freqüência das crianças no primeiro decil (P10) em todas as faixas etárias, tanto para peso como para altura, destacando-se a faixa de 12 a 24 meses, cuja freqüência no primeiro decil de altura passou de 49%, na matrícula, para 18%, após 12 meses de suplementação alimentar

Lopinavir/Ritonavir and Darunavir/Cobicistat in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: Findings From the Multicenter Italian CORIST Study

Background: Protease inhibitors have been considered as possible therapeutic agents for COVID-19 patients. Objectives: To describe the association between lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) or darunavir/cobicistat (DRV/c) use and in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients. Study Design: Multicenter observational study of COVID-19 patients admitted in 33 Italian hospitals. Medications, preexisting conditions, clinical measures, and outcomes were extracted from medical records. Patients were retrospectively divided in three groups, according to use of LPV/r, DRV/c or none of them. Primary outcome in a time-to event analysis was death. We used Cox proportional-hazards models with inverse probability of treatment weighting by multinomial propensity scores. Results: Out of 3,451 patients, 33.3% LPV/r and 13.9% received DRV/c. Patients receiving LPV/r or DRV/c were more likely younger, men, had higher C-reactive protein levels while less likely had hypertension, cardiovascular, pulmonary or kidney disease. After adjustment for propensity scores, LPV/r use was not associated with mortality (HR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.13), whereas treatment with DRV/c was associated with a higher death risk (HR = 1.89, 1.53 to 2.34, E-value = 2.43). This increased risk was more marked in women, in elderly, in patients with higher severity of COVID-19 and in patients receiving other COVID-19 drugs. Conclusions: In a large cohort of Italian patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in a real-life setting, the use of LPV/r treatment did not change death rate, while DRV/c was associated with increased mortality. Within the limits of an observational study, these data do not support the use of LPV/r or DRV/c in COVID-19 patients

A machine-learning based bio-psycho-social model for the prediction of non-obstructive and obstructive coronary artery disease

Background: Mechanisms of myocardial ischemia in obstructive and non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), and the interplay between clinical, functional, biological and psycho-social features, are still far to be fully elucidated. Objectives: To develop a machine-learning (ML) model for the supervised prediction of obstructive versus non-obstructive CAD. Methods: From the EVA study, we analysed adults hospitalized for IHD undergoing conventional coronary angiography (CCA). Non-obstructive CAD was defined by a stenosis < 50% in one or more vessels. Baseline clinical and psycho-socio-cultural characteristics were used for computing a Rockwood and Mitnitski frailty index, and a gender score according to GENESIS-PRAXY methodology. Serum concentration of inflammatory cytokines was measured with a multiplex flow cytometry assay. Through an XGBoost classifier combined with an explainable artificial intelligence tool (SHAP), we identified the most influential features in discriminating obstructive versus non-obstructive CAD. Results: Among the overall EVA cohort (n = 509), 311 individuals (mean age 67 ± 11 years, 38% females; 67% obstructive CAD) with complete data were analysed. The ML-based model (83% accuracy and 87% precision) showed that while obstructive CAD was associated with higher frailty index, older age and a cytokine signature characterized by IL-1β, IL-12p70 and IL-33, non-obstructive CAD was associated with a higher gender score (i.e., social characteristics traditionally ascribed to women) and with a cytokine signature characterized by IL-18, IL-8, IL-23. Conclusions: Integrating clinical, biological, and psycho-social features, we have optimized a sex- and gender-unbiased model that discriminates obstructive and non-obstructive CAD. Further mechanistic studies will shed light on the biological plausibility of these associations. Clinical trial registration: NCT02737982

The Sex-Specific Detrimental Effect of Diabetes and Gender-Related Factors on Pre-admission Medication Adherence Among Patients Hospitalized for Ischemic Heart Disease: Insights From EVA Study

Background: Sex and gender-related factors have been under-investigated as relevant determinants of health outcomes across non-communicable chronic diseases. Poor medication adherence results in adverse clinical outcomes and sex differences have been reported among patients at high cardiovascular risk, such as diabetics. The effect of diabetes and gender-related factors on medication adherence among women and men at high risk for ischemic heart disease (IHD) has not yet been fully investigated.Aim: To explore the role of sex, gender-related factors, and diabetes in pre-admission medication adherence among patients hospitalized for IHD.Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from the Endocrine Vascular disease Approach (EVA) (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02737982), a prospective cohort of patients admitted for IHD. We selected patients with baseline information regarding the presence of diabetes, cardiovascular risk factors, and gender-related variables (i.e., gender identity, gender role, gender relations, institutionalized gender). Our primary outcome was the proportion of pre-admission medication adherence defined through a self-reported questionnaire. We performed a sex-stratified analysis of clinical and gender-related factors associated with pre-admission medication adherence.Results: Two-hundred eighty patients admitted for IHD (35% women, mean age 70), were included. Around one-fourth of the patients were low-adherent to therapy before hospitalization, regardless of sex. Low-adherent patients were more likely diabetic (40%) and employed (40%). Sex-stratified analysis showed that low-adherent men were more likely to be employed (58 vs. 33%) and not primary earners (73 vs. 54%), with more masculine traits of personality, as compared with medium-high adherent men. Interestingly, women reporting medication low-adherence were similar for clinical and gender-related factors to those with medium-high adherence, except for diabetes (42 vs. 20%, p = 0.004). In a multivariate adjusted model only employed status was associated with poor medication adherence (OR 0.55, 95%CI 0.31–0.97). However, in the sex-stratified analysis, diabetes was independently associated with medication adherence only in women (OR 0.36; 95%CI 0.13–0.96), whereas a higher masculine BSRI was the only factor associated with medication adherence in men (OR 0.59, 95%CI 0.35–0.99).Conclusion: Pre-admission medication adherence is common in patients hospitalized for IHD, regardless of sex. However, patient-related factors such as diabetes, employment, and personality traits are associated with adherence in a sex-specific manner

School lunch program in Brazil: history, trends and contribution to the recommended dietary allowances of school children

No Brasil, a merenda escolar sempre esteve presente nos programas de suplementação alimentar. As primeiras iniciativas datam da década de 30, quando alguns estados e municípios mais ricos passaram a responsabilizar-se, de forma crescente, pelo fornecimento da merenda em suas redes de ensino. Nos anos 50, criou-se o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar. Desde então, o Programa de Merenda Escolar manteve o objetivo de contribuir para melhorar as condições nutricionais e de saúde dos escolares, ao fornecer alimentação suplementar. Na definição de sua composição nutritiva, estabeleceu-se que deveria fornecer de 15% a 30% das recomendações de calorias e nutrientes. Este estudo teve por objetivo reconstituir a evolução histórica do Programa de Merenda Escolar no Brasil, como uma política pública aplicada no decorrer dos últimos cinqüenta anos, e avaliar sua capacidade potencial no atendimento de necessidades nutricionais específicas dos escolares. A metodologia dividiu-se em três partes: pesquisa documental, estudo da composição da merenda escolar e estudo de caso para caracterizar uma carência nutricional específica. Tomou-se como modelo a deficiência de ferro, por ser apontada, com freqüência, como um problema de saúde pública muito presente na população estudada. Foi realizado um estudo de prevalência de anemia em amostra representativa de escolares das 1as, 5as e 8as séries das escolas públicas do município de Santos; verificou-se também, a composição da merenda escolar oferecida quanto às quantidades de alimentos e nutrientes. As prevalências de anemia foram estimadas em 27,81% para os escolares das 1as séries, 11,31% para os de 5as séries e 5,61% para os de 8as séries. Houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre anemia e escolaridade do pai e entre anemia e região geográfica. O estudo da composição da merenda escolar mostrou que a presença do ferro, nas quantidades recomendadas pelo programa, é muito pouco freqüente. Com esses resultados, considerando a importância e a dimensão do Programa de Merenda Escolar e, ainda, o seu processo de descentralização e municipalização que se concretiza, toma-se necessário repensar os seus objetivos nutricionais e o seu alcance social.In Brazil, the school lunch has always been present in the food suplemmentation programs. The first attempts were carried out in the 1930\'s, when some Brazilian rich states and counties assumed the responsability of school lunch distribution through the public schools. In the 1950\'s, The National School Lunch Program was created. Since then, The School Lunch Program was maintained to improve the nutritional and health conditions of schoolchildren. Lunches served to schoolchildren should provide about one- third of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. The purpose of this study is to describe the historical background of the Brazilian National School Lunch Program, as a public issue implemented in the last 50th years, and to assess its efficacy in improving nutritional status of schoolchildren. The methodology was divided in three parts: documentary research, composition of school lunch, and case report of a specific nutritional deficiency. Iron deficiency was investigated because it is a common public health problem of our study population. A representative schoolchildren sample of 1st, 5th and 8th grades from public schools, located in the county of Santos, State of São Paulo, was used to estimate the prevalence of anaemia. The composition and nutritional adequacy of school lunch was also investigated. Anaemia (haemoglobin concentrations below the cut-off values proposed by the World Health Organization) was diagnosed in 27.81%, 11.3% and 5.6% of the schoolchildren from 1st, 5th and 8th grades, respectively. There were statistical significant differences among anaemia, father\'s educational level, geographical area. Taking into account the importance of The School Lunch Program and its process of decentralization and municipalization, it is necessary to think over its nutritional and social goals

Retardo do crescimento físico e aproveitamento escolar em crianças do Município de Osasco, área Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil

O trabalho teve por objetivo determinar o prognóstico do aproveitamento escolar conforme a exposição ao retardo do crescimento ocorrido nos primeiros anos de vida. O estudo originou-se de um Censo de Estatura envolvendo ingressantes de todas as escolas (públicas e particulares) do Município de Osasco, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, realizado no início do ano letivo de 1989, que identificou alunos com e sem déficit estatural. Utilizando-se um delineamento prospectivo, avaliou-se o aproveitamento escolar, ao longo do ano letivo, de 170 alunos ingressantes com déficit (índice altura/idade inferior a menos dois escores z da população de referência do NCHS/OMS) e 205 alunos sem déficit de crescimento (altura/idade superior a menos um escore z). O aproveitamento escolar dos alunos que ingressaram com retardo do crescimento foi inferior ao dos alunos sem retardo, verificando-se que o risco maior de "reprovação" desses alunos mantinha-se mesmo com o controle de possíveis variáveis de confusão, a saber, o estado nutricional atual (relação peso/altura) e variáveis sócioeconômicas (classe social, renda e escolaridade do chefe da casa)

Retardo do crescimento físico e aproveitamento escolar em crianças do Município de Osasco, área Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil

O trabalho teve por objetivo determinar o prognóstico do aproveitamento escolar conforme a exposição ao retardo do crescimento ocorrido nos primeiros anos de vida. O estudo originou-se de um Censo de Estatura envolvendo ingressantes de todas as escolas (públicas e particulares) do Município de Osasco, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, realizado no início do ano letivo de 1989, que identificou alunos com e sem déficit estatural. Utilizando-se um delineamento prospectivo, avaliou-se o aproveitamento escolar, ao longo do ano letivo, de 170 alunos ingressantes com déficit (índice altura/idade inferior a menos dois escores z da população de referência do NCHS/OMS) e 205 alunos sem déficit de crescimento (altura/idade superior a menos um escore z). O aproveitamento escolar dos alunos que ingressaram com retardo do crescimento foi inferior ao dos alunos sem retardo, verificando-se que o risco maior de "reprovação" desses alunos mantinha-se mesmo com o controle de possíveis variáveis de confusão, a saber, o estado nutricional atual (relação peso/altura) e variáveis sócioeconômicas (classe social, renda e escolaridade do chefe da casa)