Institutional Economics Towards Problem of City Development

The consideration of institutional economics principles in the management process seems to be the condition of socio-economic development of a country/city in long time perspective. Since last 25 years in Poland it can observed the process of adopting the new institutional system. The system is composed of institutions, norms, principles and regulations influencing the market, social assistance or insurance system, providing public goods, external effects, information as well as affecting behaviour of individuals and entities. The aim of the paper is to present the assumptions of institutional economics in terms of relations between the institutional system and city development. The paper focuses on social, relation and culture determinants prejudging the differences in functioning of enterprises, countries, regions/cities and claims that economy is strongly dependent on institutional system

Metoda uproszczonej oceny potencjału ekonomicznego projektów B+R

The paper presents a method of simplified evaluation based on the concept of the threshold (minimum) value of economic effects, i.e. the value covering capitalised project expenditures constituting the basis for estimating the rate of economic efficiency for different variants of R&D project implementation. The usefulness of the proposed method was assessed using the example of a research unit conducting advanced research and development activity in the area of technical solutions and their deployment in the field of electro-technical equipment and systems. The proposed method of assessing the economic potential can be used for the preliminary assessment of the project in the phase of the preparation of the project concept, when the research unit seeks to select project variants, as well as in the subsequent phases of the project implementation (at the designated checkpoints of the R&D project), when the research unit is focused on effectively managing the research process, making the decision on the continuation or termination of research activity.W artykule przedstawiono metodę uproszczonej oceny opartej na koncepcji wartości granicznej (minimalnej) efektów ekonomicznych, czyli wartości pokrywającej zaktualizowane nakłady na projekt, stanowiącej podstawę szacowania stopy efektywności ekonomicznej dla wariantów realizacji projektów B+R. Oceny przydatności proponowanej metody dokonano na przykładzie jednostki badawczej prowadzącej zaawansowane prace badawczo-rozwojowe i wdrożeniowe nad rozwiązaniami technicznymi w dziedzinie urządzeń i systemów elektrotechnicznych. Proponowana metoda oceny potencjału komercyjnego może być stosowana zarówno w ramach oceny wstępnej projektu, jak i w fazie przygotowania koncepcji projektu, gdy podmiot badawczy stara się wybrać warianty realizacji oraz po poszczególnych etapach realizacji projektu (w punktach kontrolnych projektu B+R), gdy podmiot badawczy stara się skutecznie zarządzać procesem badawczym rozstrzygając o kontynuowaniu lub wstrzymaniu prac badawczych

Scanning tunneling microscopy investigation of the ordered structures of dialkylamino hydroxylated squaraines adsorbed on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, Langmuir 16

Squaraine dyes form aggregates in solution and in the solid state. We have found that squaraines form two-dimensional (2D) ordered layers when adsorbed onto HOPG from phenyloctane and from liquid crystalline solvents. We investigated with scanning tunneling microscopy the 2D structures of the adsorbed phases of five bis(4-alkylamino-2-hydroxyphenyl) squaraines (both symmetric and asymmetric) and mixtures of these squaraines. Differences in the stability of the 2D structures and molecular packing are observed when the alkyl tail length and symmetry are varied. A transition in the 2D structure from a herringbone packing to a lamellar packing occurs between the tail lengths of 4 carbons and 8 carbons. Many of the compounds form a number of 2D polytypes on HOPG. Multilayers of squaraine molecules were observed for most of the studied molecules. Squaraines with tail lengths of 12 carbons exhibited a tendency toward registry with the HOPG substrate whereas all other squaraine compounds investigated showed a lack of molecule-substrate registry. Domain sizes of the investigated molecules varied from tens of nanometers to a micron

Financing the new Polish system of local government

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:3597.5751(GP-PARU-DP--20) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo