Impacts of flow releases on invertebrate drift and juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) diet on the Trinity River below Lewiston Dam

Benthic macroinvertebrate (BMI) drift, species composition and abundance are specific to local hydrologic and habitat conditions, which can restrict or enhance availability to salmonids as a food resource. Currently, a knowledge gap exists on the Trinity River (northern California) in how flow releases from Lewiston Dam potentially impact BMI drift and feeding opportunities for juvenile salmonids. Samples of BMIs from drift, benthos, and diets of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were collected from two sites in the upper Trinity River February-April 2018, during stable flow conditions (~8 ) and two increased flow conditions peaking at ~50 . Chironomidae (Diptera) and Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) were dominant BMI taxa in the drift, benthos and diets. Although contributions to biomass were more even across BMI taxa in the drift, biomass consumed by fish was dominated by Chironomidae and Baetidae at both study sites. BMI taxonomic composition was more similar between benthic, drift and diet samples at the upstream study site below Lewiston Dam, whereas compositional similarities diverged during peak discharge conditions at the downstream study site. Although standardized drift rates (ex. mg/m3) did not increase with increased flow, the total export of BMI drift increased significantly with increased flow (

Empowerment or Engagement? Digital Health Technologies for Mental Healthcare

We argue that while digital health technologies (e.g. artificial intelligence, smartphones, and virtual reality) present significant opportunities for improving the delivery of healthcare, key concepts that are used to evaluate and understand their impact can obscure significant ethical issues related to patient engagement and experience. Specifically, we focus on the concept of empowerment and ask whether it is adequate for addressing some significant ethical concerns that relate to digital health technologies for mental healthcare. We frame these concerns using five key ethical principles for AI ethics (i.e. autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and explicability), which have their roots in the bioethical literature, in order to critically evaluate the role that digital health technologies will have in the future of digital healthcare