Microscopic theory of refractive index applied to metamaterials: Effective current response tensor corresponding to standard relation n2=εeffμeffn^2 = \varepsilon_{\mathrm{eff}} \mu_{\mathrm{eff}}

In this article, we first derive the wavevector- and frequency-dependent, microscopic current response tensor which corresponds to the "macroscopic" ansatz $\vec D = \varepsilon_0 \varepsilon_{\mathrm{eff}} \vec E$ and $\vec B = \mu_0 \mu_{\mathrm{eff}} \vec H$ with wavevector- and frequency-independent, "effective" material constants $\varepsilon_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and $\mu_{\mathrm{eff}}$. We then deduce the electromagnetic and optical properties of this effective material model by employing exact, microscopic response relations. In particular, we argue that for recovering the standard relation $n^2 = \varepsilon_{\mathrm{eff}} \mu_{\mathrm{eff}}$ between the refractive index and the effective material constants, it is imperative to start from the microscopic wave equation in terms of the transverse dielectric function, $\varepsilon_{\mathrm{T}}(\vec k, \omega) = 0$. On the phenomenological side, our result is especially relevant for metamaterials research, which draws directly on the standard relation for the refractive index in terms of effective material constants. Since for a wide class of materials the current response tensor can be calculated from first principles and compared to the model expression derived here, this work also paves the way for a systematic search for new metamaterials.Comment: minor correction

Covariant Response Theory and the Boost Transform of the Dielectric Tensor

After a short critique of the Minkowski formulae for the electromagnetic constitutive laws in moving media, we argue that in actual fact the problem of Lorentz-covariant electromagnetic response theory is automatically solved within the framework of modern microscopic electrodynamics of materials. As an illustration, we first rederive the well-known relativistic transformation behavior of the microscopic conductivity tensor. Thereafter, we deduce from first principles the transformation law of the wavevector- and frequency-dependent dielectric tensor under Lorentz boost transformations.Comment: consistent with published version in Int. J. Mod. Phys. D (2017

Linear electromagnetic wave equations in materials

After a short review of microscopic electrodynamics in materials, we investigate the relation of the microscopic dielectric tensor to the current response tensor and to the full electromagnetic Green function. Subsequently, we give a systematic overview of microscopic electromagnetic wave equations in materials, which can be formulated in terms of the microscopic dielectric tensor.Comment: consistent with published version in Phot. Nano. Fund. Appl. (2017

General form of the full electromagnetic Green function in materials physics

In this article, we present the general form of the full electromagnetic Green function which is suitable for the application in bulk materials physics. In particular, we show how the seven adjustable parameter functions of the free Green function translate into seven corresponding parameter functions of the full Green function. Furthermore, for both the fundamental response tensor and the electromagnetic Green function, we discuss the reduction of the Dyson equation on the four-dimensional Minkowski space to an equivalent, three-dimensional Cartesian Dyson equation.Comment: consistent with published version in Chin. J. Phys. (2019

Quasi-free Standing Epitaxial Graphene on SiC by Hydrogen Intercalation

Quasi-free standing epitaxial graphene is obtained on SiC(0001) by hydrogen intercalation. The hydrogen moves between the 6root3 reconstructed initial carbon layer and the SiC substrate. The topmost Si atoms which for epitaxial graphene are covalently bound to this buffer layer, are now saturated by hydrogen bonds. The buffer layer is turned into a quasi-free standing graphene monolayer with its typical linear pi-bands. Similarly, epitaxial monolayer graphene turns into a decoupled bilayer. The intercalation is stable in air and can be reversed by annealing to around 900 degrees Celsius.Comment: Accepted for publication in Physical Review Letter