Neuroendocrine and Behavioral Responses and Brain Pattern of c- fos Induction Associated with Audiogenic Stress

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72579/1/j.1365-2826.1997.00593.x.pd

Technology Transfer in the People\u27s Republic of China: An Assessment

Perhaps the most striking aspect of the trading relationship between the United States and the People\u27s Republic of China is its explosive growth over the last fifteen years. In 1973, the total value of bilateral trade between the U.S. and China was $805 million (up from a mere$5 million just two years earlier). In 1987, this figure reached $10.4 billion - an increase of over 1000 per cent. This growth notwithstanding, the United States is not a commanding presence in the PRC\u27s overall trade picture. The U.S. share of total PRC imports in 1986 (almost$43 billion) is only 7 .2 percent, and the PRC accounted for only slightly over 1 percent of U.S. imports

Glucocorticoid Regulation of Stress-Induced Mineralocorticoid Receptor Gene Transcription in Vivo

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73787/1/j.1749-6632.1994.tb39292.x.pd

Stress systems in the brain: molecules, nuclei and circuits

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/31355/1/0000266.pd

Enkephalin systems in diencephalon and brainstem of the rat

The immunocytochemical distribution of [Leu]enkephalin and an adrenal enkephalin precursor fragment (BAM-22P) immunoreactivity was investigated in the diencephalon and brainstem of rats pretreated with relatively high doses of colchicine (300–400 Μg/10 Μl intracerebroventricularly). The higher ranges of colchicine pretreatment allowed the visualization of extensive enkephalin-containing systems in these brain regions, some of which are reported for the first time. Immunoreactive perikarya were found in many hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei, interpeduncular nucleus, substan-tia nigra, the colliculi, periaqueductal gray, parabrachial nuclei, trigeminal motor and spinal nuclei, nucleus raphe magnus and other raphe nuclei, nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, vestibular nuclei, several nor-adrenergic cell groups, nucleus tractus solitarius, as well as in the spinal cord dorsal horn. In addition to the above regions, immunoreactive fibers were also noted in the habenular nuclei, trigeminal sensory nuclei, locus coeruleus, motor facial nucleus, cochlear nuclei, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and hypoglossal nucleus. When adjacent sections to those stained for [Leu]enkephalin were processed for BAM-22P immunoreactivity, it was found that these two immunoreactivities were distributed identically at almost all anatomical locations. B AM-22P immunoreactivity was generally less pronounced and was preferentially localized to neuronal perikarya. The results of the present as well as the preceding studies (Khachaturian et ai., '83) strongly suggest substantial structural similarity between the adrenal proenkephalin precursor and that which occurs in the brain. Also discussed are some differences and parallels between the distribution of [Leu]enkeph-alin and dynorphin immunoreactivities.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/50020/1/902200305_ftp.pd

Ransomware Incident Preparations With Ethical Considerations and Command System Framework Proposal

Concerns with cyber-attacks in the form of ransomware are on the mind of many executives and leadership staff in all industries. Inaction is not an option, and approaching the topic with real, honest, and hard discussions will be valuable ahead of such a possible devastating experience. This research note aims to bring thoughtfulness to the topics of ethics in the role of cybersecurity when dealing with ransomware events. Additionally, a proposed set of non-technical recovery preparation tasks are outlined to help organizations bring about cohesiveness and planning for dealing with the real potential of a ransomware event. Constraints from many factors come into focus during preparations for ransomware, and a method to categorize them is detailed. Finally, the use of Incident Command Systems is well known and documented in emergency management, and a proposed model for integrating this process for ransomware episodes is sketched

Changes in Proopiomelanocortin Primary Transcript Levels in the Anterior Pituitary Accompany Increased Adrenocorticotropin Secretion During the Diurnal Surge

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene transcription in the anterior pituitary varies during stress and glucocorticoid feedback. These changes appear to parallel alterations in peptide release. The diurnal rhythm of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis also involves the periodic excursion of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) levels in plasma, but it is not clear whether the diurnal release is accompanied by changes at the transcriptional level. In the present study, we have initially characterized the heteronuclear species of POMC (hnPOMC) RNA found in the anterior pituitary by a Northern blot analysis and subsequently used this method to quantitate relative changes in the levels of heteronuclear transcript during diurnal stimulation. Two species of RNA migrating at 6.0 kb and 4.1 kb were found in the nuclear fraction of the anterior pituitary. Successive probing by various POMC cRNAs indicated that the 6.0 kb fragment was the primary transcript and the 4.1 kb fragment corresponded to the intron A-containing processing intermediate of POMC. The nuclear species were quantitated after acute swim stress and during the diurnal ACTH secretion. Acute swim increased plasma ACTH levels by 243% after 30 min. This was paralleled by a 214% increase in the primary transcript RNA levels. Endogenous circadian stimulation in the evening produced a smaller rise of plasma ACTH (79%), and was accompanied by a 34% increase in POMC hnRNA levels. Nuclear processing intermediate (4.1 kb) and the mRNA levels did not vary during the evening. These results suggest that the diurnal mechanism transiently increases ACTH release as well as POMC gene transcription in the anterior pituitary. Release and transcription appear to be tightly coupled during circadian activation as well as during stress.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75121/1/j.1365-2826.1992.tb00340.x.pd

Some perspectives on monoamine-opioid peptide interaction in rat central nervous system

Light microscopic immunocytochemistry was employed to investigate possible sites of interaction between the endogenous opioid peptides and monoamines in the rat central nervous system. The opioid and related peptides examined included beta-endorphin ([beta]-END), alpha-MSH ([alpha]-MSH) and leucine-enkephalin (Leu-ENK). The monoamines were examined using antisera generated against tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine-[beta]-hydroxylase as well as serotonin. Due to the long-tract nature of the central monoamine projections as well as [beta]-END/[alpha]-MSH fiber systems, serial section analyses were performed utilizing parasagittal brain sections. Many areas rich in both the monoamines as well as opioid peptides were investigated. These included several thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, several limbic structures, mesencephalic periaqueductal gray, brain stem noradrenergic cell groups and their rostral projections, the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system, and the serotonergic raphe nuclei and their projections. The results suggest a more intimate linkage between the monoamines and the opioid peptides than previously realized. Some of the intricacies of monoamine-opioid peptide interaction, in particular those pertaining to their possible role in pain and analgesia, catalepsy, and neuroendocrine effects are also discussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/23945/1/0000192.pd

Time of origin of opioid peptide-containing neurons in the rat hypothalamus

By using a combined technique of immunocytochemistry and [ 3 H]thymidine autoradiography, we have determined the “birth date” of opioid pep-tide-containing neurons in several hypothalamic nuclei and regions. These include proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons (represented by ACTH immunoreactivity) in the arcuate nucleus; dynorphin A neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and the lateral hypothalamic area; and leuenkephalin neurons in the periventricular, ventromedial, and medial mammillary nuclei, as well as in preoptic and perifornical areas. Arcuate POMC neurons were born very early in embryonic development, with peak heavy [ 3 H]thymidine nuclear labelling occurring on embryonic day E12. Supraoptic and paraventricular dynorphin A neurons were also labelled relatively early (peak at E13). The lateral hypothalamic dynorphin A neurons showed peak heavy labelling also on day E12, By contrast, leu-enkephalin neurons in the periventricular nucleus and medial preoptic area exhibited peak heavy nuclear labelling on day E14. Furthermore, perifornical and ventromedial leu-enkephalin neurons were also born relatively early (peak on days E12 and E13, respectively). However, the leu-enkephalin neurons in the medial mammillary nucleus were born the latest of all cell groups studied (i.e., peak at E15). The results indicate a differential genesis of these opioid peptide-containing neuronal groups in different hypothalamic nuclei and regions.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/50027/1/902360409_ftp.pd

Relationship of presympathetic-premotor neurons to the serotonergic transmitter system in the rat brainstem

Numerous physiological conditions and emotionally motivated behaviors require concomitant activation of somatomotor and sympathetic efferents. Using a virally mediated retrograde transsynaptic tract-tracing approach, we have previously determined locations of presympathetic-premotor neurons (PSPMNs) in the rat brainstem. These putative dual-function neurons send projections to somatomotor and sympathetic targets and likely participate in sympatho-somatomotor integration. A significant portion of these neurons is found within brainstem areas known to contain serotonergic neurons. Thus, we hypothesized that some of the PSPMNs utilize serotonin as their neurotransmitter. To test this hypothesis we first produced an antibody against TPH2, a brain-specific isoform of tryptophan hydroxylase (serotonin synthetic enzyme). We identified PSPMNs by using recombinant strains of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) for transsynaptic tract-tracing. PRV-152, a strain that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein, was injected into sympathectomized gastrocnemius muscle, while PRV-BaBlu, which expresses Β-galactosidase, was injected into the adrenal gland in the same animals. Using immunofluorescent methods we determined whether coinfected neurons expressed TPH2. Our findings demonstrate that TPH2-positive PSPMNs are present at different rostrocaudal levels of the brainstem. Just over half of them are found at the pontomedullary junction within raphe obscurus, raphe magnus, and gigantocellular nucleus pars alpha. These cells may play a role in mediating responses to acute pain stimuli and/or participate in the central control of exercise. Overactivity of these serotonergic sympatho-somatomotor circuits may also play a role in the pathophysiology of serotonin syndrome. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:882–896, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/55829/1/21129_ftp.pd