Suzbijanje kukuruzove zlatice Diabrotica virgifera virgifera

Western corn rootworm (WCR) was registered for the first time in Europe near the Surčin international airport in Serbia in 1992. The spread of WCR on the territory of Serbia and its population density increased fast. The Serbian territory was entirely populated in the following few years, while major damages occurred on corn grown for two or more years in the same field. Data on damages caused to over 140,000 ha under corn until 1999 were collected by organized monitoring. After 2000 and 2003, population abundance of D.v. virgifera, as well as the number of damaged corn fields, significantly decreased due to drought and application of crop rotation. Corn rootworm has one generation per year. It overwinters in the egg stage. Under the climatic conditions of Serbia larvae hatching starts around May 15th. The highest number of larvae on root is observed around June 20th when feeding is most intensive and plants become lodged as they lose roots. First adults emerge by the end of June. Their abundance increases during July and reaches maximum by the end of the month. From the second decade of August the abundance decreases. Adults are present in the field until the first frosts. Larvae are much more harmful and significant than adults. Larvae feed on roots or into roots by boring. Roots can be entirely destroyed under heavy attack and the host plants lodged already at the end of June. Under our climatic and agrotechnical conditions, adults are sporadic pests. Adults are a threat only when sowing is done after the optimal sowing date or in case of stubble corn sowing. Crop rotation is an efficient and most widespread means of WCR control. No damage on corn grown in crop rotation has been registered in Serbia for now. In the first year of production corn does not require protection from Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte larvae. Several insecticides have performed high efficacy by application at sowing and have been registered for commercial use. On the other hand, soil insecticides have never been applied on a significant area in Serbia.Kukuruzova zlatica je prvi put registrovana 1992. godine pored međunarodnog aerodroma Surčin. Širenje zlatice po teritoriji Srbije i porast gustine njene populacije je bilo brzo. Celokupna teritorija Srbije je naseljena u narednih nekoliko godina, pri čemu su se značajne štete javile na kukuruzu u ponovljenoj setvi. Sakupljeni su podaci o štetama na preko 140.000 ha kukuruza u periodu do 1999. godine. Posle 2000. i 2003. godine brojnost popualcije D.v. virgifera kao i broj oštećenih kukuruzovih polja je značajno smanjen zbog suše i masovne primene plodoreda. Kukuruzova zlatica ima jednu generaciju godišnje. Prezimljava u stadijumu jajeta. U klimatskim uslovima Srbije piljenje larvi počinje oko 15. maja. Najveći broj larvi se nalazi na korenu kukuruza oko 20. juna kada je ishrana larvi najintenzivnija. Zbog gubitka korena dolazi do poleganja biljaka. Odrasli insekti se javljaju krajem juna. Njihova brojnost raste tokom jula i dostiže maksimum krajem tog meseca. Od druge dekade avgusta brojnost imaga opada. Odrasli insekti se mogu naći u polju sve do prvih mrazeva. Larve se hrane na korenu ili se ubušuju u njega. U slučaju velikog napada koren može biti potpuno uništen i takve biljke već krajem juna poležu. U našim klimatskim i agrotehničkim uslovima odrasli insekti su sporadične štetočine. Oni mogu biti štetni u slučajevima kasnije setve ili postrne setve. Plodored je efikasan i najrasprostranjeniji način suzbijanja kukuruzove zlatice. Do sada se u Srbiji nisu javile štete na kukuruzu u plodoredu. Stoga se u kukuruzu u plodoredu ne primenjuju zaštitne mere. Više insekticida pokazuje dobre rezultate u suzbijanju kukuruzove zlatice kada se primenjuju sa setvom i imaju dozvolu za primenu u Srbiji. Međutim, zemljišni insekticidi nisu nikada do sada primenjeni na većim površinama za suzbijanje kukuruzove zlatice

Štetnost i suzbijanje kukuruzove zlatice

It's been over 20 years since Diabrotica virgifera virgifera was introduced in Serbia. Its expansion and colonization of the territory was quickly, over a few years. D. v. virgifera is present in all's territories where corn is grown in Serbia. Damage to corn in the rotation have occurred during the period of its territorial expansion and population build up. In recent years, losses are small and occur on maize in monoculture. The main control measures in D.v. virgifera is crop rotation. The mass use of crop rotation in the cultivation of maize has led to a reduction in damages.Prošlo je više od 20 godina od kako je kukuruzova zlatica, D. v. virgifera, uneta u Srbiju. Njeno širenje i naseljavanje teritorije je bilo brzo, tokom svega nekoliko godina, pa je sada prisutna na svim teritorijama gde se gaji kukuruz u Srbiji. Štete na kukuruzu u plodoredu su se javljale u periodu njenog teritorijalnog širenja i umnožavanja brojnosti populacije. Zadnjih godina štete su male i javljaju se na kukuruzu u monokulturi. Glavna mera suzbijanja D. v. virgifera je plodored. Masovna primena plodoreda u gajenju kukuruza je dovela do smanjenja šteta

Activity of antioxidative defense enzymes in the blood of patients with liver echinococcosis

Background/Aim. Chronic echinococcocal disease is the parasite human disease caused by the penetration of larval (asexual) stages of the canine tapeworm (Echinococcus granulosus) in the liver of humans. After the penetration of the parasite, the host organism react by activating complement- depending immune response. The aim of this study was to elucidate the influence of larval form of Echinococcus granulosus in the liver on the activity of antioxidative defense enzymes in the blood of patients before and after the surgical intervention. Methods. We investigated the activity of antioxidative defense enzymes: copper/zinc containing superoxide dismutase (CuZn SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the blood of patients before and after the surgical intervention in respect to the controls, clinically healthy persons. Results. Our results showed that the activity of the GSH-Px was significantly decreased in the plasma of the patients with echinocococal disease before the surgery in respect to the controls. The activity of GST was significantly higher in the blood of the patients after the surgery in comparison to the controls. Conclusion. Chronic liver echinoccocal disease caused significant changes of some antioxidative defense enzymes, first of all Se-dependent enzyme GSH-Px, which could be a suitabile biomarker in the biochemical evaluation of the disease. This work represents a first comprehensive study of the activity of antioxidative defense enzymes in cronic liver echinococcocosis in the patients before and after the surgical intervention in respect to the clinically healthy persons

The Influence of Gastrointestinal Nematodes on Modern Sheep Farming and Novel Control Strategies

Gastrointestinal nematodes represent parasites of great importance in veterinary medicine, especially in grazing animals such as small ruminants. In most cases, these parasites cause subclinical diseases with losses in body weight, reduced feed intake and decreased production. However, high worm burdens may lead to severe clinical signs such as anorexia, anaemia, diarrhoea, protein loss, oedema, decreased immunity and fertility, which can lead to fatal outcomes. Therefore, gastrointestinal nematodes hinder sheep farming in different ways leading to high economic losses that are estimated at several hundred million euros in Europe, although it is difficult to quantify it precisely. An additional problem is the development of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes that occur as a result of irrational use of commercial drugs, whereby the main risk factors are overfrequent treatments, underdosing, the use of only one drug without combination or rotation etc. This leads to a decrease in their effectiveness, and consequently to even higher economic losses (an additional 35-40 million euros). Moreover, these costs will tend to increase in the future due to widespread of resistance and the occurrence of multiresistant strains. For these reasons, the focus of nowadays research is finding alternative solutions including genetic selection of naturally resistant animals, pasture management, dietary manipulation, biological control (use of nematophagous fungi, bacteria or earthworms and dung beetles) and the use of plant-based formulations such as extracts and essential oils. All of the above strategies have shown promise, although it appears that none of them could be used independently. Therefore, future strategies for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes should be based on an integrated approach. This implies the combination of mentioned alternatives with rational use of anthelmintics based on refugia strategies (target treatments and target selective treatments)

Humus content in Serbia to the mapping investigated pitch

Soil is one of the most important resources of each state. The research in this study was conducted in order to preserve this very important resource. Humic substances have a positive effect of water-air maintenance and total biological properties of the soil which have a direct impact on plant nutrition and and in the first place on the nutrition of plants with nitrogen. Humus content is the basic parameter of soil fertility. The paper analyzes humus content of 21 localities in central Serbia. Total is examined 5.313 samples. Results on humus content indicate that there are soils from insufficiently humus to extremely humus. In 92% of the examined soil samples are weak and medium humus, 7% of the soil is very humus a only 1% insufficiently humus

Testing of the potassium content in the soil for the purpose of preserving biodiversity

The aim of this study was to determine the content of physiologically active potassium (K2O) in the soil in the territory covered by the work of the Agricultural Advisory and Expert Service of Smederevo (PSSS Smederevo). Research was carried out on three locations: Velika Plana, the City of Smederevo and Smederevska Palanka, for the purpose of ensuring the optimal use of mineral and organic fertilizers, to preserve soil resources. The paper presents the results of testing the content of physiologically active potassium – K2O. The territory of Velika Plana had most areas with harmful content, while the lowest content of K2O was recorded in the territory of Smederevska Palanka. The results indicate that the obtained values were greatly influenced by different types of soil on the examined plots, and an anthropogenic factor was also evident. All the plots from which soil samples were taken for analysis of potassium content were mapped, and based on the obtained results farmers were given advice on the necessary remedial measures and optimal use of organic and mineral fertilizers to improve agricultural production and preserve biodiversity. Mineral nutrition is extremely important for growth, development and reaching maximum yields of cultivated plants.foliar mass were higher in the PSB version (without fertilizers), and in the treatment with the use of P. polymyxa - with the use of N20P40 fertilizers

The Impact of Soil Microplastic on Insect Diversity and Plastic Decomposition by Insects

Plastic has been recognized as one of the leading pollutants of all ecosystems. This question has been rarely raised in Serbia, although there is a significant problem with the disposal of communal and agricultural waste. Many wild landfills have been created in past decades in forests near the plasticulture practicing areas and rivers. Plastic materials are degraded by the influence of UV light and various environmental factors, creating smaller particles called microplastics, which are recognized as significantly dangerous to ecosystems. Alluvial planes have been the most endangered due to the horizontal and vertical fluvial activities of the nearby rivers. The influence of soil microplastics on insect communities has not been widely considered and that is why the project EMIPLAST-SoS has been created to investigate insect communities in polluted and unpolluted alluvial soils in Serbia. We compare them in forest and agricultural ecosystems on similar alluvial soils in three locations near three largest rivers in Serbia. Preliminary results from one-season sampling are considered. During the project the influence of the different seasons effects will be investigated. Additionally, we have investigated the rate of plastic decomposition by five insect species in lab conditions (Plodia interpunctella Hubner, Tenebrio molitor L., Zophobas morio Fabr., Achroia grisella Fabr. and Galleria mellonela L.). G. mellonela expressed the highest and the most diverse decomposition of different plastic sources like plastic bags, sponges and styrofoam. The analyses of the obtained plastic residues are still underway

Activity of antioxidative defense enzymes in the blood of patients with liver echinococcosis

Background/Aim. Chronic echinococcocal disease is the parasite human disease caused by the penetration of larval (asexual) stages of the canine tapeworm (Echinococcus granulosus) in the liver of humans. After the penetration of the parasite, the host organism react by activating complement- depending immune response. The aim of this study was to elucidate the influence of larval form of Echinococcus granulosus in the liver on the activity of antioxidative defense enzymes in the blood of patients before and after the surgical intervention. Methods. We investigated the activity of antioxidative defense enzymes: copper/zinc containing superoxide dismutase (CuZn SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the blood of patients before and after the surgical intervention in respect to the controls, clinically healthy persons. Results. Our results showed that the activity of the GSH-Px was significantly decreased in the plasma of the patients with echinocococal disease before the surgery in respect to the controls. The activity of GST was significantly higher in the blood of the patients after the surgery in comparison to the controls. Conclusion. Chronic liver echinoccocal disease caused significant changes of some antioxidative defense enzymes, first of all Se-dependent enzyme GSH-Px, which could be a suitabile biomarker in the biochemical evaluation of the disease. This work represents a first comprehensive study of the activity of antioxidative defense enzymes in cronic liver echinococcocosis in the patients before and after the surgical intervention in respect to the clinically healthy persons.Uvod/Cilj. Ehinokokusna bolest je parazitno oboljenje koje nastaje prodorom larvene forme pseće pantljičare (Echinococcus granulosus) u jetru čoveka, pri čemu dolazi do reakcije domaćina koji se brani od infektivnog agensa aktivacijom sistema komplementa i komplement-zavisnim imunim odgovorom. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se utvrdi da li razvoj larvenog oblika pseće pantljičare (Echinococcus granulosus) u jetri ima uticaja na aktivnost enzima sistema zaštite od oksidacionih oštećenja u krvi obolelih pre i posle operativnog zahvata. Metode. Ispitivane su promene aktivnosti enzima sistema zaštite od oksidacionih oštećenja: bakar/cink sadržavajuće superoksid-dismutaze (CuZn SOD), katalaze (CAT), glutation-peroksidaze (GSH-Px), glutation-reduktaze (GR) i glutation-S-transferaze (GST) u krvi obolelih od ehinokokusne bolesti jetre pre i posle operacije u odnosu na kontrolne, klinički zdrave osobe. Rezultati. Ustanovljen je statistički značajan pad aktivnosti enzima GSH-Px u plazmi bolesnika obolelih od ehinokokusne bolesti jetre pre operacije u odnosu na kontrolu. Aktivnost enzima GST bila je statistički značajno povećana u krvi obolelih od hronične ehinokokusne bolesti jetre posle operacije u odnosu na kontrolne vrednosti. Zaključak. Hronična ehinokokusna bolest jetre izaziva promene aktivnosti nekih enzima sistema zaštite od oksidacionih oštećenja, pre svega Se-zavisnog enzima GSH-Px, što može predstavljati dobar biomarker u daljoj biohemijskoj evaluaciji ove bolesti. Prema dostupnim podacima ovaj rad predstavlja prvu studiju aktivnosti enzima sistema zaštite od oksidacionih oštećenja kod obolelih od hronične ehinokokusne bolesti jetre pre i posle operacije u odnosu na kontrolne, klinički zdrave osobe.nul

Activity of antioxidative defense enzymes in the blood of patients with liver echinococcosis

Background/Aim. Chronic echinococcocal disease is the parasite human disease caused by the penetration of larval (asexual) stages of the canine tapeworm (Echinococcus granulosus) in the liver of humans. After the penetration of the parasite, the host organism react by activating complement- depending immune response. The aim of this study was to elucidate the influence of larval form of Echinococcus granulosus in the liver on the activity of antioxidative defense enzymes in the blood of patients before and after the surgical intervention. Methods. We investigated the activity of antioxidative defense enzymes: copper/zinc containing superoxide dismutase (CuZn SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the blood of patients before and after the surgical intervention in respect to the controls, clinically healthy persons. Results. Our results showed that the activity of the GSH-Px was significantly decreased in the plasma of the patients with echinocococal disease before the surgery in respect to the controls. The activity of GST was significantly higher in the blood of the patients after the surgery in comparison to the controls. Conclusion. Chronic liver echinoccocal disease caused significant changes of some antioxidative defense enzymes, first of all Se-dependent enzyme GSH-Px, which could be a suitabile biomarker in the biochemical evaluation of the disease. This work represents a first comprehensive study of the activity of antioxidative defense enzymes in cronic liver echinococcocosis in the patients before and after the surgical intervention in respect to the clinically healthy persons.Uvod/Cilj. Ehinokokusna bolest je parazitno oboljenje koje nastaje prodorom larvene forme pseće pantljičare (Echinococcus granulosus) u jetru čoveka, pri čemu dolazi do reakcije domaćina koji se brani od infektivnog agensa aktivacijom sistema komplementa i komplement-zavisnim imunim odgovorom. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se utvrdi da li razvoj larvenog oblika pseće pantljičare (Echinococcus granulosus) u jetri ima uticaja na aktivnost enzima sistema zaštite od oksidacionih oštećenja u krvi obolelih pre i posle operativnog zahvata. Metode. Ispitivane su promene aktivnosti enzima sistema zaštite od oksidacionih oštećenja: bakar/cink sadržavajuće superoksid-dismutaze (CuZn SOD), katalaze (CAT), glutation-peroksidaze (GSH-Px), glutation-reduktaze (GR) i glutation-S-transferaze (GST) u krvi obolelih od ehinokokusne bolesti jetre pre i posle operacije u odnosu na kontrolne, klinički zdrave osobe. Rezultati. Ustanovljen je statistički značajan pad aktivnosti enzima GSH-Px u plazmi bolesnika obolelih od ehinokokusne bolesti jetre pre operacije u odnosu na kontrolu. Aktivnost enzima GST bila je statistički značajno povećana u krvi obolelih od hronične ehinokokusne bolesti jetre posle operacije u odnosu na kontrolne vrednosti. Zaključak. Hronična ehinokokusna bolest jetre izaziva promene aktivnosti nekih enzima sistema zaštite od oksidacionih oštećenja, pre svega Se-zavisnog enzima GSH-Px, što može predstavljati dobar biomarker u daljoj biohemijskoj evaluaciji ove bolesti. Prema dostupnim podacima ovaj rad predstavlja prvu studiju aktivnosti enzima sistema zaštite od oksidacionih oštećenja kod obolelih od hronične ehinokokusne bolesti jetre pre i posle operacije u odnosu na kontrolne, klinički zdrave osobe.nul

Botanical Control of Parasites in Veterinary Medicine

Phytotherapy may be defined as the use of plants for the treatment of ailments and those represent a practice that dates since ancient times. It refers to the use of whole plants, their parts such as flowers, leaves, roots and seeds as well as substances extracted from them (plant extracts and essential oils) for treating various diseases. It also may imply their use to support traditional treatment with commercial drugs. Plants and their extracts are an important part of pharmacopoeia in less developed parts of the world, but more recently in the advancement societies. However, plant-based products may also be used for the treatment of diseases in animals, prevalently in livestock. Ethnopharmacology may be implied in veterinary medicine due to the potential therapeutic efficacy, reduced susceptibility to microbial and parasitic resistance, as well as lowered risk of adverse effects and decreased residues in animal products and environment in comparison with chemotherapeutic agents. Moreover, botanical control of various diseases in animals can also be sustainable from the financial point of view. Therefore, medicinal plants are a valuable part of the field of drug discovery and represent an important source of new drugs and drug leads. In this regard, antiparasitic properties are a common point of focus in studies aimed to validate the pharmacological effects of herbal products. A huge number of such plants and their products are considered suitable for the treatment of almost every parasitic disease in livestock. In pets, there are also an increasing number of such studies in dogs and cats, whereby plants product were proven to be effective against various parasites.Link ka celoj monografiji gde se nalazi i poglavlje: https://uniquescientificpublishers.com/one-health-triad-volume-3