Marine collagen: purification, properties and application

Collagens are abundant structural proteins found in connective tissues such as bones, swim bladder, skin, blood vessels, intestines, and cartilage. They make up around 30% of the total protein. The purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of the current knowledge about collagen isolated from marine organisms and its possible applications. Collagen is widely used in pharmaceuticals, food, biomedical and cosmetic industries due to its cell adhesion, biocompatibility, and safety properties. This review discusses various methods for extracting collagen from marine vertebrates and its physicochemical properties. Enzymatic extractions might be a more effective at extracting collagen than acidic extractions. Peptides derived from collagen hydrolysates have biological activity that promotes health and relieves symptoms caused by chronic diseases. Aquaculture can help with collagen availability but an integrated technology for processing raw materials is necessary to address the negative effects of production waste. Marine collagen has many benefits over terrestrial sources including its versatility in healing skin damage and slowing down the aging process. The advantages of marine collagen over terrestrial sources are discussed along with its potential biotherapeutic applications in bone and skin injuries. The development of effective cosmetic products can become a strategic direction for technological development

Application of Raman spectroscopy to study the inactivation process of bacterial microorganisms

Raman spectroscopy (RS) is one of the promising approaches for structural and functional studies of various biological objects, including bacterial microorganisms. Both traditional biochemical tests and genetic methods which require expensive reagents, consumables and are time-consuming are used for bacterial analysis. Spectroscopic methods are positioned as noninvasive, highly sensitive, and requiring minimal sample preparation. In this work we investigated the possibility of using the RS method using optical sensors based on gold anisotropic nanoparticles. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by studying the effect of a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and an extract of Viburnum opulus L (VO) on Escherichia coli (E. Coli) colonies. The studies were performed by Raman spectroscopy using a Virsa spectrometer (Renishaw). Raman signal amplification was carried out using two original optical sensors proposed by the authors. To create sensors, we used a chemical method of depositing gold nanostars on APTES-modified quartz glasses and a physical method for creating sensors based on anodizing titanium surfaces. The results of the study showed the high sensitivity and information content of the proposed method. The possibility of using the RS method for studying the inactivation of bacterial microorganisms is shown. Spectral Raman bands of E. Coli were determined and identified before and after exposure to VO extract and antibiotic as a control. A decrease in the intensity of spectral modes corresponding to amino acids and purine metabolites was found in the average Raman spectrum of E. Coli after exposure to VO extract. For the first time, a study of the antimicrobial effect of an aqueous extract of VO fruits was carried out by the method of Raman scattering. It has been shown that the use of plant extracts, including VO fruit extracts, to inactivate the vital activity of bacterial colonies is a promising approach to the search for new alternative antibacterial agents. The results obtained are in good agreement with the already known scientific studies and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method

Antimicrobial Potential of Aqueous Extract of Giant Sword Fern and Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Vibriosis and parasitic leech infestations cause the death of various farmed fish, such as groupers, hybrid groupers, sea bass, etc., in Malaysia and other Southeast Asian countries. In the absence of natural control agents, aquaculture operators rely on toxic chemicals to control Vibrio infections and parasitic leeches, which can have a negative impact on the environment and health. In the present study, we investigated the antivibrio and antiparasitic activities of the aqueous extract of giant sword fern (GSF) (Nephrolepis biserrata, Nephrolepidaceae, locally known as “Paku Pedang”) against four Vibrio spp. and the parasitic leech Zeylanicobdella arugamensis, as well as its metabolic composition using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry system (UHPLC-HRMS). The data show that the aqueous extract of GSF at a concentration of 100 mg/mL exhibits potent bactericidal activity against V. parahaemolyticus with a zone of inhibition of 19.5 mm. In addition, the extract showed dose-dependent activity against leeches, resulting in the complete killing of the parasitic leeches within a short period of 11–43 min when tested at concentrations ranging from 100 to 25 mg/mL. The UHPLC-HRMS analysis detected 118 metabolites in the aqueous extract of GSF. Flavonoids were the primary metabolites, followed by phenolic, aromatic, fatty acyl, terpenoid, vitamin and steroidal compounds. Notably, several of these metabolites possess antibacterial and antiparasitic properties, including cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, apigenin, quercetin, cynaroside, luteolin, naringenin, wogonin, 6-gingerol, nicotinamide, abscisic acid, daidzein, salvianolic acid B, etc. Overall, our study shows the significant antibacterial and antiparasitic potential of the GSF aqueous extract, which demonstrates the presence of valuable secondary metabolites. Consequently, the aqueous extract is a promising natural alternative for the effective control of Vibrio infections and the treatment of parasitic leeches in aquaculture systems

Antimicrobial Screening and Fungicidal Properties of Eucalýptus globulus Ultrasonic Extracts

The prohibition of antibiotics has led to extensive research and use of phytogenic feed additives. James Barrie Kirkpatrick described four subspecies of eucalyptus (family Myrtaceae), including Eucalýptus globulus, in 1974. The maximum concentrations of quercetin-3D-glycoside (1703.30 g/mL), astragalin (1737.82 g/mL), chlorogenic acid (342.14 g/mL), catechin (282.54 g/mL), rosmarinic acid (36.39 g/mL), and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (27.55 g/mL) were found in samples of ultrasonic extraction with ethyl alcohol (extraction module 1:5, temperature of 32 °C, an ultrasonic exposure time of 25 min). Antimicrobial activity was observed in all studied samples after 12 h of incubation (against gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria, as well as representatives of yeast fungi (Candida albicans)); a more pronounced antimicrobial effect (lysis zone) was observed after ultrasonic processing of extracts for 20 and 25 min. Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans had lysis areas of 10.0 mm (20 min extraction with ultrasonic treatment), 13.0 mm (20 min extraction without ultrasonic treatment), and 15.5 mm (25 min extraction with ultrasonic treatment), respectively. E. globulus was demonstrated to be a source of biologically active phenolic compounds with antibacterial and fungicidal activity. More research on the use of E. globulus in feed additives is required

Study of the Biologically Active Properties of Medicinal Plant Cotinus coggygria

The results of the studies have shown that to obtain an extract of a complex of biologically active substances of Cotinus coggygria, ethyl alcohol (mass fraction of alcohol 70%) with a hydromodule of 1:5 should be used, and the extraction should be carried out for 60 min at a temperature of 60 °C. The investigated plant extracts with the complex of bioactive substances from the Cotinus coggygria leaves and flowers are safe from the point of view of the content of heavy metals, pesticides, aflatoxin B1, radionuclides, as well as pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms. It has been established that the Cotinus coggygria extract contains rutin, hyperoside, ferulic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, disulphuretin, sulphurein, sulphurein, gallic acid, methyl gallate, pentagalloyl glucose, 3,3′,4′,5,6,7-hexahydroxyflavonone, 3,3′,4′,5,5′,7-hexahydroxyflavonone, 3-O-α-L-rhamnofuranoside, 3,3′,4′,5,5′,7-hexahydroxyflavulium(1+), 7-O-β-D glucopyranoside, and 3,3′,4′,7-tetrahydroxyflavonone. The tested extracts have anticancer, antigenotoxic, and antimicrobial (against E. coli, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, C. albicans, L. mesenteroides) properties. The high antioxidant status of the tested extracts was established; the antioxidant activity of the samples was 145.09 mg AA/g (AA—ascorbic acid)

Chemical Composition and Content of Biologically Active Substances Found in Cotinus coggygria, Dactylorhiza maculata, Platanthera chlorantha Growing in Various Territories

Medicinal plants (Cotinus coggygria, Dactylorhiza maculata, Platanthera chlorantha) growing in various territories (Kaliningrad, Moscow, and Minsk regions) were the objects of research. This paper presents a study of the chemical composition of these plants. To analyze the qualitative and quantitative composition of biologically active substances, the method of high-performance liquid chromatography was used. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to study the content of trace elements. The content of organic acids and vitamins was determined by capillary electrophoresis using the Kapel-105/105M capillary electrophoresis system with high negative polarity. Extracts of medicinal plants were obtained on a Soxhlet apparatus using 70% ethanol as an extractant. It was found that among the biologically active substances in the plants under discussion, hyperoside, rutin (C. coggygria), Ferulic acid and Gallic acid (D. maculata), triene hydrocarbon (3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene), unsaturated alcohol (3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol), and benzyl acetate (P. chlorantha) prevailed. Samples of these medicinal plants contained trace elements (phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and sulfur) and many aliphatic organic acids (succinic acid, benzoic acid, fumaric acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, and tartaric acid). The largest amount of biologically active substances and secondary metabolites of the studied plants from the Eastern Baltic is associated with climatic and ecological differences from other regions. The composition of these plants determines the potential of their use in feed additives for livestock and poultry as part of measures to improve the quality of livestock products. The use of medicinal plants for the production of feed additives is relevant in terms of improving regional economies, as well as improving the quality of life and nation’s health by providing ecologically clean livestock products

Study of the Properties of In Vitro Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó (Family Orchidaceae) Extracts

The medicinal plant Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó (family Orchidaceae) is used to treat gastritis, colic, gastrointestinal tract, and bladder diseases. This study aimed to investigate the properties and characteristics of the in vitro Dactylorhiza maculata extract. The recommended parameters for producing Dactylorhiza maculata extract were determined: temperature 60 °C, process duration 60 min, hydro module 1:10. It is recommended to carry out the extraction using an aqueous ethyl alcohol solution with a mass fraction of the parent substance of 70%. It was found that such biologically active substances as rutin, quercetin, 3,3′,4′,5,5′,7-hexahydroxyflavonone, 3,3′,4′,5,5′,7-hexahydroxyflavonone-3-O-glycoside, gallic acid, and ferulic acid were dominant in Dactylorhiza maculata. A high phosphorus content was noted (2410.8 mg/kg dry matter). The studied Dactylorhizamaculata samples contained a large number of organic acids and water-soluble vitamins. The tested extracts were safe in terms of the content of heavy metals, pesticides, aflatoxin B1, and radionuclides, as well as pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms; the content was significantly lower than the threshold limit values. The studied complex of biologically active substances from Dactylorhiza maculata extract samples had antimicrobial properties. It was found that the antioxidant activity of the samples was 217.89 ± 10.89 mg AA/g (AA—ascorbic acid). The high content of bioactive substances and the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Dactylorhizamaculata extract samples determine the application potential of this plant as a substitute for growth stimulants and feed antibiotics in the production of feed additives, aiming to increase the physiological and immune status of livestock and poultry

Use of sweet yellow clover (Melilotus officinalis) extract in sheep feeding

During the study, it was found that an increase in the dose of sweet yellow clover extract from 0.5 to 2.5 mg/kg of live weight per day contributed to an increase in the number of: hemoglobin by 1.83 g/l (1.79%), leukocytes by 0.14 thousand 109/l (2.34%), total protein in blood serum of sheep by 0.43 g/l (0.7%), glucose in blood of sheep by 0.18 mmol/l (4.19%), calcium in blood of sheep by 0.14 mmol/l (5.32%), phosphorus in blood of sheep by only 0.08 mg/100 ml (1.6%), contributed to an increase in the live weight of sheep by 220 g (2.18%). In the control group, two sheep out of six got bronchitis. The percentage of sheep with bronchitis was 33.33%. After feed to the sheep different doses of sweet yellow clover extract, the sheep in groups I and II of the experimental groups had one sheep each (16.67%), while in groups III, IV and V there were no sheep with bronchitis. Thus, increasing the sweet yellow clover dosage in sheep’ diet reinforced their immunity. In the control group and in the first experimental group, one sheep out of six came down with dyspepsia. The percentage of sheep with dyspepsia was 16.67%. After feed to the sheep doses of sweet yellow clover extract, there were no dyspeptic diseases in sheep

Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations of lactic acid bacteria and other antagonist microorganisms

Minimum inhibitory concentrations of lactic acid bacteria and other antagonist microorganisms isolated from natural sources of Kaliningrad region (soil, water bodies, plant objects) were determined. It was shown that the minimum inhibitory concentration of Pediococcus pentosaceus metabolites against Escherichia coli is 1.5·107 CFU/ml; Pseudomonas chlororaphis metabolites have no inhibitory effect against the test strain of Escherichia coli under study. It was found that Pediococcus damnosus metabolites adversely affect the growth of Escherichia coli, but at a concentration of 1.5·107 CFU/ml after 6-24 hours of cultivation. For metabolites isolated by Lactobacillus casei, the characteristic minimum inhibitory concentration with respect to the studied Escherichia coli strain is 1.5-107 CFU/ml, and for metabolites isolated by Lactobacillus fermentum, the minimum inhibitory concentration with respect to the studied Escherichia coli strain is 1.5·105 CFU/ml. At a concentration of Bacteroides hypermegas (Megamonas hypermegale) metabolites equal to 1.5·106 CFU/ml, an optical density lower than that of the control is observed. The minimum concentration of Pseudomonas syringae metabolites inhibiting Escherichia coli culture growth is 1.5-107 CFU/ml. For the metabolites Acetobacter aceti and Psychrobacter urativorans, the concentration of 1.5·107 CFU/ml is the lowest to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli

Assessment of microorganism activity as bio-preservatives for perishable food

Analysis of the results of studying dynamics of microbiological indicators of perishable food (fresh tomatoes), shows that the control samples (fresh tomatoes without processing a preservative) on the 15th day of storage at 4±2 °C exceeds the QMA&OAMO index, on the 5th day yeast already detected. The activity of yeasts and molds on the surface of tomatoes treated with Nisin is reduced compared with the control. It was found that the new isolated microorganisms synthesizing bacteriocins exhibit the highest bioconservation efficiency compared to nisin and control. It was shown that QMA&OAMO does not exceed the maximum permissible value even at 35 days of storage, yeast and molds, E. coli group bacteria in 1.0 g and pathogenic microorganisms, including L. monocytogenes and Salmonella bacteria in 10.0 g were not detected in fresh tomatoes. As a result of the study of organoleptic quality indicators of perishable foods (fresh tomatoes), treated with selected strains of microorganisms (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Pseudomonas putida and Psychrobacter immobilis), stored for 35 days at 4±2 °C revealed that fresh tomatoes on the 35th day keep fresh, the fruit is clean, excessive moisture of fruits is not observed. Also fresh tomatoes were characterized by an edible degree of maturity. The taste and smell of the tomatoes were consistent with the botanical variety, while no extraneous taste and smell were observed