Resistance by the blue tick (Boophilus decoloratus) to the synthetic pyrethroid, fenvalerate

The Shaw larval test, in conjunction with adult tick immersion and stall tests, was utilized to confirm that a field strain of B. decoloratus, from Natal, is highly resistant to the ixodicide fenvalerate (Factor of resistance 4 744). This resistance developed over a reported 18 months of usage for cattle dipping.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format.lmchunu2014mn201

The resistance spectrum shown by a fenvalerate-resistant strain of blue tick (Boophilus decoloratus) to a range of ixodicides

A strain of Boophilus decoloratus, resistant to fenvalerate, was subjected to larval immersion, adult immersion and stall tests using the following classes of ixodicides : organochlorines, organophosphates, a diamidide and pyrethroids. A susceptible reference strain of B. decoloratus was used for comparative purposes. The results indicated a high level of resistance to DDT and camphechlor, slight tolerance to dioxathion, chlorfenvinphos and pirimiphos ethyl, full susceptibility to bromophos ethyl and amitraz, but marked resistance to cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and flumethrin. This marked resistance in the strain therefore appears to be widespread within the pyrethroid group of chemicals and may have developed as a result of organochlorine cross-resistance.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format.lmchunu2014mn201

Finding effective pathways to sustainable mobility: bridging the science–policy gap

This overview paper examines three areas crucial to understanding why, despite clear scientific evidence for the growing environmental impacts of tourism transport, there is large-scale inertia in structural transitions and a lack of political will to enact meaningful sustainable mobility policies. These include the importance of addressing socio-technical factors, barriers posed by ‘technology myths’ and the need to overcome ‘transport taboos’ in policymaking. The paper seeks pathways to sustainable mobility by bridging the science – policy gap between academic research and researchers, and policymakers and practitioners. It introduces key papers presented at the Freiburg 2014 workshop, covering the case for researcher engagement using advocacy and participatory approaches, the role of universities in creating their own social mobility policies, the power of social mechanisms encouraging long-haul travel, issues in consumer responsibility development, industry self regulation and the operation of realpolitik decision making and implementation inside formal and informal destination based mobility partnerships. Overall, the paper argues that governments and the tourism and transport industries must take a more cautious approach to the technological optimism that fosters policy inertia, and that policymakers must take a more open approach to implementing sustainable transport policies. A research agenda for desirable transport futures is suggested