16 research outputs found
Effect of cultivation conditions on ligninolytic enzyme production by Ganoderma carnosum
Ganoderma carnosum has been found in Europe only, at coniferous trees and it is difficult to distinguish it morphologically from G. lucidum. Since G. carnosum has not been studied biochemically yet, the aim of this study was to analyse its ability to produce Mn-dependent peroxidase (MnP), versatile peroxidase (VP) and laccase (Lac) under conditions of solid-state fermentation of selected plant raw materials as carbon sources, in the presence of different nitrogen concentrations in the medium. Wheat straw, corn stem, oak and grapevine sawdust were the analysed plant raw materials. Nitrogen source in synthetic medium was NH4NO3 and its concentrations were: 10mM N and 20 mM N. Enzyme activity was determined spectrophotometrically, using ABTS and phenol red, as the substrates for Lac and Mn-oxidizing peroxidases, respectively. Maximum level of MnP activity (56.82 U/l) was obtained in the medium with wheat straw and nitrogen concentration of 10 mM. Best carbon source for VP production was grapevine sawdust at nitrogen concentration of 10 mM (80.80 U/l). The obtained Lac activity was very low in the medium with wheat straw (1.80 U/l), while it was not detected in the presence of other three analyzed plant raw materials. Maximum of total protein content (0.06 mgml-1) was noted in the medium where oak sawdust was carbon source and nitrogen concentration was 20 mM.Vrste roda Ganoderma su producenti mnogih bioloÅ”ki aktivnih supstanci pa su objekti prouÄavanja mnogih medicinskih i farmaceutskih studija. U novije vreme se sve viÅ”e pažnje poklanja upoznavanju njihovog ligninolitiÄkog enzimskog sistema, u cilju uspeÅ”ne primene u razliÄitim biotehnoloÅ”kim procesima. Za razliku od G. lucidum, Äiji je ligninolitiÄki sistem intenzivno prouÄavan, ostale vrste ovog roda su retko bile objekti istraživanja. G. carnosum se teÅ”ko morfoloÅ”ki razlikuje od G. lucidum. i joÅ” uvek nije biohemijski prouÄena, pa je cilj naÅ”eg istraživanja bio analiza produkcije Mn-oksidujuÄih peroksidaza i lakaza u uslovima Ävrste kultivacije, na razliÄitim biljnim ostacima (pÅ”eniÄna slama, stabljike kukuruza, piljevina hrasta i vinove loze) u prisustvu azota u obliku NH4NO3 i u koncentracijama od 10 mM, odnosno 20 mM. Maksimum produkcije Mn-zavisne peroksidaze dobijen je na pÅ”eniÄnoj slami pri koncentraciji azota od 10 mM (56.82 U/l). Piljevina vinove loze i koncentracija azota od 10 mM bili su optimalni za sintezu verzatil peroksidaze (80.80 U/l). Dobijena aktivnost lakaza je bila izuzetno niska u medijumu sa pÅ”eniÄnom slamom (1.80 U/l), dok na ostalim biljnim ostacima nije zabeležena. Maksimalni sadržaj ukupnih proteina je bio najveÄi u medijumu sa piljevinom hrasta kao izvorom ugljenika i koncentracijom azota od 10 mM.Projekat ministarstva br. 14304
WHEAT STRAW CONVERSION BY ENZYMATIC SYSTEM OF GANODERMA LUCIDUM
The purpose of this study was to resolve the question of whether various nitrogen sources and concentrations affect characteristics of selected G. lucidum ligninolytic enzymes participating in wheat straw fermentation. This is the first study reporting the presence of versatile peroxidase activity in crude extract of G. lucidum culture, as well as isoforms profile of Mn-oxidizing peroxidases. NH4NO3 was the optimum nitrogen source for laccase and Mn-dependent peroxidase activity, while peptone was the optimum one for versatile peroxidase activity. Four bands with laccase activity were obtained by native PAGE and IEF separations from medium enriched with inorganic nitrogen source, and only two bands from medium containing organic source. Medium composition was not shown to affect isoenzyme patterns of Mn-oxidizing peroxidases. Four isoforms of Mn-dependent peroxidase and three of versatile peroxidase were obtained on native PAGE. By IEF separation, five isoforms of Mn-dependent peroxidase and only two of versatile peroxidase were observed. The results demonstrated that G. lucidum has potential for mineralization and transformation of various agricultural residues and should take more significant participation in large-scale biotechnological processes
Effect of cultivation conditions on ligninolytic enzyme production by Ganoderma carnosum
Ganoderma carnosum has been found in Europe only, at coniferous trees and it is difficult to distinguish it morphologically from G. lucidum. Since G. carnosum has not been studied biochemically yet, the aim of this study was to analyse its ability to produce Mn-dependent peroxidase (MnP), versatile peroxidase (VP) and laccase (Lac) under conditions of solid-state fermentation of selected plant raw materials as carbon sources, in the presence of different nitrogen concentrations in the medium. Wheat straw, corn stem, oak and grapevine sawdust were the analysed plant raw materials. Nitrogen source in synthetic medium was NH4NO3 and its concentrations were: 10mM N and 20 mM N. Enzyme activity was determined spectrophotometrically, using ABTS and phenol red, as the substrates for Lac and Mn-oxidizing peroxidases, respectively. Maximum level of MnP activity (56.82 U/l) was obtained in the medium with wheat straw and nitrogen concentration of 10 mM. Best carbon source for VP production was grapevine sawdust at nitrogen concentration of 10 mM (80.80 U/l). The obtained Lac activity was very low in the medium with wheat straw (1.80 U/l), while it was not detected in the presence of other three analyzed plant raw materials. Maximum of total protein content (0.06 mgml-1) was noted in the medium where oak sawdust was carbon source and nitrogen concentration was 20 mM.Vrste roda Ganoderma su producenti mnogih bioloÅ”ki aktivnih supstanci pa su objekti prouÄavanja mnogih medicinskih i farmaceutskih studija. U novije vreme se sve viÅ”e pažnje poklanja upoznavanju njihovog ligninolitiÄkog enzimskog sistema, u cilju uspeÅ”ne primene u razliÄitim biotehnoloÅ”kim procesima. Za razliku od G. lucidum, Äiji je ligninolitiÄki sistem intenzivno prouÄavan, ostale vrste ovog roda su retko bile objekti istraživanja. G. carnosum se teÅ”ko morfoloÅ”ki razlikuje od G. lucidum. i joÅ” uvek nije biohemijski prouÄena, pa je cilj naÅ”eg istraživanja bio analiza produkcije Mn-oksidujuÄih peroksidaza i lakaza u uslovima Ävrste kultivacije, na razliÄitim biljnim ostacima (pÅ”eniÄna slama, stabljike kukuruza, piljevina hrasta i vinove loze) u prisustvu azota u obliku NH4NO3 i u koncentracijama od 10 mM, odnosno 20 mM. Maksimum produkcije Mn-zavisne peroksidaze dobijen je na pÅ”eniÄnoj slami pri koncentraciji azota od 10 mM (56.82 U/l). Piljevina vinove loze i koncentracija azota od 10 mM bili su optimalni za sintezu verzatil peroksidaze (80.80 U/l). Dobijena aktivnost lakaza je bila izuzetno niska u medijumu sa pÅ”eniÄnom slamom (1.80 U/l), dok na ostalim biljnim ostacima nije zabeležena. Maksimalni sadržaj ukupnih proteina je bio najveÄi u medijumu sa piljevinom hrasta kao izvorom ugljenika i koncentracijom azota od 10 mM.Projekat ministarstva br. 14304
Antioxidative and antimicrobial potentials of Parmelia saxatilis and Pseudoevernia furfuracea
Even though numerous lichen species possess significant medical potentials
they are still unexplored, and particularly species and strains originating
from Serbia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the
antioxidative and antimicrobial potential of ethanol extracts of Parmelia
saxatilis and Pseudoevernia furfuracea collected in Serbia. The tested
extracts were good scavengers of DPPH radicals, with capacities ranging from
14.76% to 79.76% in P. saxatilis and from 21.39% to 90.04% in P. furfuracea.
In P. saxatilis level of DPPHā¢ neutralisation was highly correlated with
phenol content (r2 = 0.9981) and in P. furfuracea with amount of total
flavonoides (r2 = 0.9641). The extract of P. furfuracea inhibited the growth
of all tested microorganisms with exception of Aspergillus flavus, while P.
saxatilis extract affected only growth of bacterial species. Among tested
microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most
sensitive, while Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as
micromycetes were the least sensitive to tested extracts. Because of these
potentials and the fact that their long term usage does not have any negative
side effects on organism and development of microbial resistance, the
extracts could be included in conventional therapy. [Projekat Ministarstva
nauke Republike Srbije, br. 173032
Ganoderma lucidum - from tradition to modern medicine
Ganoderma lucidum has a long tradition of use in folk medicine of the Far
East, which is documented in the oldest Chinese pharmacopoeia, written in
the first century B.C, declaring it a superior medicine. The healing
properties of G. lucidum reflected on folk names such as: Reishi,
Mannentake, Ling Zhi etc., which mean āherb of spiritual powerā, āmushroom
of immortalityā or ā10,000-year mushroomā, respectively. It has been known,
for thousands of years, that this species extends life span, increases
youthful vigour and vitality and it was used in the treatments of hepatitis,
kidneysā disease, hypertension, arthritis, asthma, bronchitis,
arteriosclerosis, ulcers and various types of cancer. However, Western
civilisation did not discover its healing properties until the 20th century.
Modern scientific researches and numerous clinical trails, conducted in
recent decades, have confirmed the ancient knowledge of Eastern nations and
given them a scientific basis. These studies have demonstrated many
biological activities of G. lucidum extracts and compounds, including:
immunomodulating, antioxidative, cytotoxic, hypoglycaemic,
anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antimicrobial, etc. It has been reported
that its extracts play important role in detoxification of the body and
protecton of the liver, as well as in reducing cardiovascular problems,
stress and anxiety. However, its most important effect is undoubtedly
immunostimulating one as it is the basis of many other positive effects. The
Japanese government introduced G. lucidum on the official list of auxiliary
agents for the treatments of various cancers, Alzheimerās disease, diabetes
and chronic bronchitis. Many chemical components have been isolated from G.
lucidum, but polysaccharides and terpenoids are the main carriers of its
bioactivities
Ligninolytic enzyme production in Pleurotus eryngii depending on the medium composition and cultivation conditions
Pleurotus eryngii produced laccase (Lac) both under conditions of submerged fermentation (SF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) using all of the investigated carbon and nitrogen sources, while significant peroxidases production occurred only under SSF conditions. The highest levels of Lac activity were found under SF conditions of dry ground mandarine peels (999.5 U/l). After purification of extracellular crude enzyme mixture of P. eryngii which was grown under SF conditions with dry ground mandarine peels it was revealed two peaks of Lac activity and one peak of activity against phenol red in absence of external Mn2+ which was very low (1.4 U/l). Results obtained by purification also showed that the levels of phenol red oxidation in absence of external Mn2+ were higher than phenol red oxidation levels in presence of external Mn2+. In the medium with the best carbon source for Lac production (dry ground mandarine peels), (NH4)2SO4, with a nitrogen concentration of 20 mM, was the most optimum nitrogen source among 8 investigated sources
Intraspecific Diversity within Ganoderma lucidum in the Production of Laccase and Mn-Oxidizing Peroxidases During Plant Residues Fermentation
Comparison of the potential for laccase and Mn-oxidizing peroxidases synthesis by ten strains of Ganoderma lucidum, originating from different worldwide areas, during solid-state fermentation of selected plant raw materials was the aim of this study. The great intraspecific variability in the production of analyzed enzymes as well as the dependence of the enzyme activity on plant raw materials were reported. The strain HAI 957 was the best laccase producer in the presence of corn stem, as a unique carbon source (129.46 U/L). The highest level of Mn-dependent peroxidase activity was noted after wheat straw fermentation by G. lucidum HAI 246 (78.64 U/L), while the maximal versatile peroxidase production (59.72 U/L) was observed in strain HAI 957 in the medium with oak sawdust.Ministry of Science and Technological Development of Serbia [143041
Intraspecific Diversity within Ganoderma lucidum in the Production of Laccase and Mn-Oxidizing Peroxidases During Plant Residues Fermentation
Comparison of the potential for laccase and Mn-oxidizing peroxidases synthesis by ten strains of Ganoderma lucidum, originating from different worldwide areas, during solid-state fermentation of selected plant raw materials was the aim of this study. The great intraspecific variability in the production of analyzed enzymes as well as the dependence of the enzyme activity on plant raw materials were reported. The strain HAI 957 was the best laccase producer in the presence of corn stem, as a unique carbon source (129.46 U/L). The highest level of Mn-dependent peroxidase activity was noted after wheat straw fermentation by G. lucidum HAI 246 (78.64 U/L), while the maximal versatile peroxidase production (59.72 U/L) was observed in strain HAI 957 in the medium with oak sawdust.Ministry of Science and Technological Development of Serbia [143041
A Comparative Assessment of the Potential of Polysaccharide Production and Intracellular Sugar Composition within Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.)P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)
Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known medicinal mushroom species in which polysaccharides are one of the major sources of biological activity. The species was considered as a species-complex due to significant variations in morphological, biochemical, and genetic features among populations with a worldwide distribution. This fact was the basis for setting the aim of this research: to study intraspecific diversity in polysaccharide production and intracellular sugar composition among selected G. lucidum strains. The presence of intraspecific diversity among 10 G. lucidum strains, from different areas worldwide, was noted. Values of produced mycelia biomass and intracellular polysaccharides were found in wide ranges (3.1-28.2 g L-1 and 20.0-53.3 mg g(-1), respectively), while differences in extracellular polysaccharide amounts were minor (0.2-1.5 mg mL(-1)). The significant quantitative and qualitative differences in intracellular sugar composition were noted. Glucose was the predominant sugar in almost all strains except one (HAI 447), where sucrose was dominant. The potential of polysaccharide production and intracellular sugar composition could be one more taxonomic criterion for strain characterization within G. lucidum. The differences in intracellular sugar composition and proportions could be reflected in features of produced polysaccharides and also in their biological activities.Ministry for Science and Technological Development of Serbia [173032, 173040
Antioxidative potential of daedaleopsis tricolor basidiocarps and mycelium
Although some members of the genus Daedaleopsis have been prized for their
medicinal and spiritual powers since Neolithic times, modern science has not
yet sufficiently dealt with their bioactivities. This study aims at defining
the antioxidative acĀtivities of extracts of Daedaleopsis tricolor wild and
cultivated basidiocarps and mycelium and assessing their dependance on
substrate type. Ethanol extracts (at a concentrations from 0.25 mg/mL to
16.00 mg/mL) of mycelium and wild fruiting bodies showed a considerable
antioxidative potential (88.65% and 81.57%, respectively), which was almost
the same as the commercial antioxidant BHA (88.91%). These radical scavenging
abilities were reflected in EC50 values, which were 12.45 mg/mL for the
extract of cultivated basidiocarps, 8.29 mg/mL for the extract of wild
basidiocarps, 7.93 mg/mL for mycelium one, and 0.10 mg/mL for commercial
antioxidant. Despite the fact that phenol proportion in the extracts was no
negĀligible (between 20.41 Ī¼g GAE/mg of the extract of dry wild basidiocarps
and 146.37 Ī¼g GAE/mg of the extract of dry cultivated basidiocarps), its
correlation with antioxidative activity was moderate. Flavonoids, in
significant concentration, were detected only in the extract of cultivated
fruiting bodies (28.64 Ī¼g QE/mg of dry extract), but no correlation with
radical scavenging capacity was noted. A remarkable antioxidant potential,
especially of the submerged cultivated mycelium, put D. tricolor high on the
list of promising new natural antioxidants. [Project of the Serbian Ministry
of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 173032