Mach number distribution on blade to blade surface of a turbine stator pasage

Mach number distribution on the blade to blade surface l was computed at the hub, mean and tip sections of a stator' blade using the computer program COMPBLADE. These results,; were used to plot i so-Mach contours on the blade to blade surface and surface velocity distribution as a function- of fractional surface length. The results have been presented`' in this report

Problems on Matchings and Independent Sets of a Graph

Let $G$ be a finite simple graph. For $X \subset V(G)$, the difference of $X$, $d(X) := |X| - |N (X)|$ where $N(X)$ is the neighborhood of $X$ and $\max \, \{d(X):X\subset V(G)\}$ is called the critical difference of $G$. $X$ is called a critical set if $d(X)$ equals the critical difference and ker$(G)$ is the intersection of all critical sets. It is known that ker$(G)$ is an independent (vertex) set of $G$. diadem$(G)$ is the union of all critical independent sets. An independent set $S$ is an inclusion minimal set with $d(S) > 0$ if no proper subset of $S$ has positive difference. A graph $G$ is called K\"onig-Egerv\'ary if the sum of its independence number ($\alpha (G)$) and matching number ($\mu (G)$) equals $|V(G)|$. It is known that bipartite graphs are K\"onig-Egerv\'ary. In this paper, we study independent sets with positive difference for which every proper subset has a smaller difference and prove a result conjectured by Levit and Mandrescu in 2013. The conjecture states that for any graph, the number of inclusion minimal sets $S$ with $d(S) > 0$ is at least the critical difference of the graph. We also give a short proof of the inequality $|$ker$(G)| + |$diadem$(G)| \le 2\alpha (G)$ (proved by Short in 2016). A characterization of unicyclic non-K\"onig-Egerv\'ary graphs is also presented and a conjecture which states that for such a graph $G$, the critical difference equals $\alpha (G) - \mu (G)$, is proved. We also make an observation about ker$G)$ using Edmonds-Gallai Structure Theorem as a concluding remark.Comment: 18 pages, 2 figure

Biophysical Techniques of Transcutaneous Drug Sampling and Drug Delivery

Monitoring the time course of drug in the skin is critical for determining the frequency and dose of drug administration from safety and efficacy perspectives. Intermittent blood sampling is used as a surrogate for approximating concentration of drugs in the tissues, which leads to blood loss and discomfort to patients. A novel noninvasive technique called “Electroporation and transcutaneous sampling” (ETS) was developed for estimating the drug concentration in the skin extracellular fluid. The application of ETS technique in studying dermatokinetics of cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, and 8-methoxypsoralen was investigated. The results demonstrated the ability of ETS technique in dermatokinetic studies of drugs with different physicochemical properties. ETS technique was also found to be a promising method for noninvasive estimation of blood glucose levels. Two novel techniques were developed for enhancing the transdermal delivery of drugs. “ChilDrive”, a technique of combining regional cutaneous hypothermia with iontophoresis was used for enhancing the bioavailability of transdermally administered drug in the deeper musculoskeletal tissue like synovial fluid. The bioavailability of drugs in the synovial fluid of knee joint was enhanced by ?6-12-fold and ?2-4-fold by ChilDrive when compared to passive and iontophoretic transdermal drug delivery. Magnetophoresis, a technique of enhancing transdermal drug delivery by application of magnetic field was developed. The mechanistic studies demonstrated that transdermal magnetophoresis of drugs was due to contribution of multiple factors such as magnetorepulsion, magnetohydrokinesis and magnetically enhanced partition coefficient. Magnetophoretic patch system was designed and pharmacokinetic studies were performed. Magnetophoresis resulted in higher dermal bioavailability of drugs compared to passive transdermal drug delivery. It was also found from the in vitro studies that combination of chemical enhancers would further enhance the efficiency of magnetophoretically mediated drug delivery enhancement

Potential utility of selected research methods and techniques for determining the needs of extensions clientele with application to Mysore State, India

Program planning is an educational process of great importance. It is the responsibility of the extension staff to help the planning committee in carrying out the five phases of the program projection process. The extension educational process is conceptually based on the needs of the clientele. The quote mentioned below makes this position clears: The Cooperative Extension Service is responsible for exercising the leadership necessary to determine the problems of the people, working through democratic processes. Its personnel, working cooperatively with the people determine family and community needs as the basis for developing programs of informal education. Hence, the extension staff should have available to it facts which are reliable and representative so that unbiased data for determining the needs of the clientele may be used in developing extension programs. Therefore, the extension staff is faced with the problem of how to help the planning committee to arrive at decisions and develop programs which are sound and purposeful. Methods and techniques the extension staff adopts in solving this problem would influence the quality and success of the program developed. It is, therefore, important that both the extension agents who are involved directly in determining the needs of their clientele and those of the extension staff who are helping these field workers are equipped with the knowledge of methods and techniques that are helpful in their respective jobs. Importance of this aspect may be illustrated by a case cited by the authors of the textbook on Research Methods in the Behavioral Sciences. This case concerns program changes to help the organizations– the Agricultural War Boards in the Great Lakes dairy states—achieve its objective more effectively. Hence, It seems appropriate to consider this case as an Illustration to show that the group responsible to lead a program needs full facts and reliable facts. The X State Agricultural War Board members in 1941 while planning to undertake a compaign to Increase the production of milk were confident that they knew the situation In the state well and had planned the following measures: 1. To assure an adequate supply of feed grains and protein concentrates at a reasonable price. 2. To facilitate the building of additional barn space. 3. To increase the available farm labor for dairy operation. This plan was based on their appraisal of the situation as: (a) that the state had larger numbers of cows than at any previous time and the bams were overflowing (state agricultural statisticians data) and their own farms and their neighbors Indicated this, so no further increase in number of cows was practicable, (b) The price of milk In relation to the price of feed made It highly profitable to feed milk cows heavily, Including grains and protein concentrates In order to Increase the milk production per cow. The members were following this practice and they knew that other farmers known to them also followed the practice. However, the Division of Program Surveys was asked by the Department of Agriculture to help guide the War Board\u27s campaign conducting a study. It undertook the survey In close consultation with the board. The board, though it wanted to get all help, was not sure that such a study could help. They were confident that their assessment of the situation was sound. Later, the study, which was carried to find out the extent to which farmers were producing the maximum amount of milk and the steps which could be taken to make possible a further increase in dairy production, revealed quite a different situation from what the board expected. The study revealed that lack of barn space, labor shortage, equipment, and price were not at all factors preventing expanding dairy industry. But they were apprehensive of a collapse in price, they lacked information about the actions of government and also lacked knowledge about the possibility of increased output through better feeding practices. These results were used by the board in revising their plans for the campaign. This is an excellent illustration of the critical need for accurate facts for adequate analysis of a particular situation. In the above case, the Division of Program Surveys obtained information concerning resources, if any, the farmers felt they needed to increase their dairy production. They also obtained information useful in determining the extent to which dairy farmers in X state were motivated to attempt to produce a maximum amount of milk, what the influences were that were motivating them to increase dairy production and what the motivational forces were that were acting in the opposite direction. The interviews were conducted in a period of ten days (September 20 and October 1, 1941) with a sufficiently large sample—the design provided to treat the three major milk producing areas separately—and the results were made available immediately. The value of such study as a basis for planning was evidenced by a 6.7 per cent increase in milk production for the following twelve-month period; the highest recorded for the war period. The revised plan made it possible to conserve the scarce materials of steel, lumber, and cement called for in the earlier plan. Thus, the importance of such studies to develop plans for action in the field of agriculture is demonstrated in the case cited above. The survey has been accepted as a method of collecting relevant facts needed for situation analysis in the process of program planning. Pauline V. Young discussing The Social Survey in Retrospect and Prospect states: The survey initiated the idea of gathering and possessing facts as the only basis for sound planning. Interest gradually shifted from ready made programs, evolved in distant Central Headquarters to the development of plans made through surveys to fit the particular needs of the community concerned. (Italics in original.) Young also pointed out that the survey method has been accepted by a wide variety of organizations not only as a basis for planning but as a medium for educating the public relative to social questions, policies, needed new legislation, and so on. This study, as stated earlier, is concerned with the selection and development of suitable research methods and techniques which could be employed for determining the needs of the extension\u27s clientele. Survey, therefore, is one of the most important research methods which needs close study for its application in the extension educational process. Considerable work has been done In improving the techniques of survey in planning, conducting and evaluating programs. This study, therefore, attempts to examine many of these techniques as well as other research methods and techniques with a view to select and utilize them in the program projection process. It is hoped that the findings of this study will be helpful to all extension workers in their efforts to select methods and techniques that could be utilized by them in their task as educators to determine more effectively the needs of their clientele

Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antibacterial activity of different extracts of Ruta graveolens L - a medicinal plant

Ruta graveolens L. is aromatic shrub belongs to family rutaceae. It is ornamental and medicinal plant used in the treatment of inflammation, ulcer, hypotension, reproductive disorders, menstrual problems, parasitic infection, wounds and injuries. The plant extracts showed good antibacterial and antifungal properties. Sixty days old seedlings were collected and leaves were shade dried and powdered. 5 grams of powder extracted with 25 ml different solvents, ethanol, methanol, chloroform and distilled water. Crude solutions were further diluted to 1/10th and 1/100th with DMS. Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus cultures were evaluated by disc diffusion methods on Muller Hinton agar. In our study methanol and chloroform extract recorded better antibacterial activity than ethanol extract at higher dilution. Chloroform and methanol extracts showed more antibacterial activity than ethanol at lower concentration, water extract doesn’t exert any activity. The phytochemical analysis of different solvent extracts of plant show considerable change in the nature of chemicals. Chloroform extract reported maximum number of secondary metabolites than remaining solvent