Efekat sestrinskog ukrštanja na prinos zrna po biljci kod linija soje sa različitom aktivnošću tripsin inhibitora u zrnu

In order to develop the initial population the adapted variety Kador and the variety Kunitz were crossed within the soybean breeding program for reduced trypsin inhibitor activity. The variety Kunitz is characterized by the absence of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor in grain. After testing of progenies of the most yielding F2 plants three lines, designated as L6, L30 and L38, were selected for a further procedure. The line L38 is identified as a genotype homozygous for the absence of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor. Data obtained from crosses of two sister combinations. L30 X L38 and L6 X L30, were used in this study. Grain yield of progenies of both, lines L30 and L6 and crosses of both combinations, was evaluated. Approximately a half of cross progenies over yielded progenies of, lines L30 and L6 regardless of the combination of crosses and trypsin inhibitor activity in grain. Superior progenies of both combinations of sister crosses were selected form further studies. The combination L30 x L38 was the most superior in relation to grain yield per plant and frequency of genotypes with reduced trypsin inhibitor activity in grain.Iz početne populacije formirane ukrštanjem Kunitz x Kador (sorta Kunitz se odlikuje odsustvom Kunitz tripsin inhibitora u zrnu) posle testiranja potomstva najrodnijih F2 biljaka odabrane su tri linije za dalji postupak označene kao L6. L30 i L38. Linija L38 je identifikovana kao genotip homozigotan za odsustvo Kunitz tripsin inhibitora. U ovom radu su korišćeni podaci dobijeni iz dve sestrinske kombinacije ukrštanju i to L30X L3S i L6 X L30. Obavljeno je testiranje prinosa zrna potomstva majčinskih biljaka i potomstva ukrštanja iz obe kombinacije. Približno polovina potomstva ukrštanja je postigla veće prinose zrna po biljci u odnosu na potomstva majki, bez obzira na kombinaciju ukrštanja i tripsin inhibitorsku aktivnost u zrnu. Kombinacija L30xL38je superiornija i po prinosu zrna po biljci i po frekvenciji genotipova sa smanjenom aktivnošću tripsin inhibitora u zrnu

Promene komponenti prinosa zrna sestrinskih linija soje u uslovima suše

Objective of this study was to investigate changes in soybean grain yield and its components as affected by drought conditions. During two year trial, 26 soybean lines from the same cross combination were tested. Average temperatures and total rainfall during the growing season were approximate in both years. The differences in the average monthly temperature and distribution of precipitation between years were of crucial importance, since they brought about changes in major yield components and grain yield per plant. In less favorable year 2012, drought period during seed filling was observed. The decrease in number of pods and number of seeds per plant, as well as in 1000 seeds weight was noted. In all sister lines included in trial, grain yield per plant was very significantly reduced in the year 2012, as compared to the year 2011.Proučavane su promene prinosa zrna po biljci i njegovih komponenti pod uticajem suše. U toku dve godine u Zemun Polju je testirano 26 linija iz iste kombinacije ukrštanja. Prosečne temperature u toku vegetacije i ukupne količine padavina su bile približne u obe godine. Od presudnog značaja su bile razlike srednjih mesečnih temperatura i rasporeda padavina između godina, koje su uticale na promene vrednosti glavnih komponenti prinosa zrna i prinosa zrna po biljci. Uočen je sušni period u toku nalivanja zrna u manje povoljnoj 2012. godini, pri čemu je došlo do smanjenja broja mahuna i broja zrna po biljci kao i mase 1000 zrna. Prinos zrna po biljci, kao kompleksna osobina, se takođe značajno smanjio kod svih sestrinskih linija obuhvaćenih istraživanjem

Soybean breeding by full sib crossing in order to yield increasing

Ukrštanjem Kunitz x Kador formirana je segregirajuća populacija. Kunitz predstavlja genotip bez Kunitz tripsin inhibitora u zrnu, koja nije prilagođena našim uslovima gajenja a Kador sortu standardnog hemijskog sastava zrna, adaptiranu na naše uslove. Posle testiranja prinosa zrna odabrane su tri F3 linije. Obavljene su tri kombinacije ukrštanja odabranih linija, u kojima je svaka po jednom korišćena kao majka a po jednom kao otac. Potomstva odabranih linija i njihovih sestrinskih ukrštanja su testirana zajedno sa početnim roditeljima u tri odvojena poljska eksperimenta, postavljena na dve lokacije u trajanju od dve godine. Dobijeni podaci obrađeni su trofaktorijalnom analizom varijanse prema planu podeljenih potparcela, da bi mogli da budu izračunati ostali genetičko-statistički pokazatelji. Kod potomstava obuhvaćenih istraţivanjem su konstatovane signifikantne i visiko signifikantne razlike za proučavane osobine. Srednje vrednosti potomstava majki se nisu značajno razlikovale od odgovarajućih srednjih vrednosti potomstava ukrštanja u punom srodstvu. Kod svih testiranih potomstava su identifikovana prinosnija od boljeg roditelja. Prema izračunatim koeficijentima varijacije varijabilnost proučavanih osobina se nije povećala kod potomstava ukrštanja u punom srodstvu. Vrednosti za heritabilnost u širem smislu su se promenile posle obavljenog ukrštanja u punom srodstvu kod svih osobina obuhvaćenih istraţivanjem. Preko koeficijenata proste korelacije i koeficijenata korelacije ranga, nije utvrđena pouzdana povezanost proučavanih osobina između potomstava sestrinskih ukrštanja i potomstava njihovih majki, sa izuzetkom visine stabla. Genetička dobit je uglavnom bila veća kod potomstava majki u odnosu na odgovarajuća ukrštanja u punom srodstvu. Posle ukrštanja u punom srodstvu je identifikovano više superiornih potomstava (u odnosu na adaptiranog roditelja) kako standardnog kvalitita zrna tako i bez Kunitz tripsin inhibitora u zrelom zrnu.A segregating population was made from cross combination Kunitz x Kador. Kunitz is a genotype without Kunitz trypsin inhibitor in row grain, not adapted to our growing conditions while Kador is a cultivar common grain structure adapted to growing conditions in our country. After yield testing, three F3 lines were chosen for full sib crossing. Three cross combinations were made using those lines, once as a mother and once as a father each of them. Progenies of chosen lines, as well as progenies of their full sib crosses and initial parents were tested in three separated field experiments. The data were processed by the three factors split plot design analysis of variance, and after that other biometric parameters were calculated. In all progenies, investigated traits showed significant and high significant differences. There were no significant differences between mean values of investigated traits in mothers and full sib progenies. Progenies better yielding than adapted parent were identified. According to calculated coefficient of variation, trait variability of investigated traits did not increase within full sib progenies. Values of broad sense heritability of investigated characters changed after full sib crossing. Coefficients of simple correlations and rank correlations do not indicate significant correlation between characters of mother lines and adequate full sibs. Calculated genetic gain values of mother’s progenies were mostly higher than belonging full sibs. More superior progenies were identified within full sibs in addition to mother’s progenies, standard grain quality and Kunitz free, compared with adapted parent

The effects of nitrogen on protein, oil and trypsin inhibitor content of soybean

Nitrogen fertilization have influence on protein, oil and trypsin inhibitor content of different soybean genotypes. Seed protein content was increased over control by 60 kg ha-1 nitrogen while trypsin inhibitor was reduced by all treatmens (30, 60,90 N kg ha-1) as compared to controls. Significant genetic variation in TI was found both within the genotype class with the Kunitz inhibitor present as well as within the class lacking this inhibitor. Genotypes containing the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor protein (KTI) exhibit a higher TI than genotypes lacking this protein, however, in both groups of genotypes TI was similary affected by nitrogen application. Oil content was reduced following nitrogen fertilisation

Antinutritivni činioci nekih zrnenih mahunarki

Grain legumes, such as soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), lupins (Lupinus spp.), common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), represent one of the most quality and least expensive solutions for a long-term demand for plant protein in animal husbandry. One of the limitations to an increased use of grain legumes as feed is the presence of diverse compounds in their grain, commonly referred to as anti-nutritional factors, that both decrease nutritive value of grain legumes and, if taken in larger amounts, cause health problems that may be fatal for both human and the animals. By this reason, breeding programmes of all grain legumes is aimed at decreasing the content of anti-nutritional factors to a safe extent. Breeding of soybean cultivars for reduced amount of antinutritive factors resulted in the development of Kunitz-free soybean cultivars, which are suitable for thermal processing at lower temperatures and during a shorter period of time. This is the way of saving energy and preserving valuable nutritional composition of soybean grain. As for other species, the most significant progress has been made in protein pea, where all modern cultivars have either low or very low content of various antinutritional factors. Among the improvements are also 'zero-tannin' cultivars in faba bean, with a wide utilization in both animal feeding and bread industry, lowtoxin common vetch cultivars, 'sweet' cultivars in lupins and low-ODAP cultivars in grass pea.Zrnene mahunarke, poput soje (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), graška (Pisum sativum L.), boba (Vicia faba L.), lupina (Lupinus spp.), obične grahorice (Vicia sativa L.) i sastrice (Lathyrus sativus L.) predstavljaju jedno od najkvalitetnijih i najjevtinijih rešenja za dugoročni nedostatak biljnih proteina u stočarstvu. Jedno od ograničenja povećanju korišćenja zrnenih mahunarki u ishrani domaćih životinja jeste prisustvo različitih sastojaka u zrnu, tzv. antinutritivnih činilaca, koji umanjuju njihovu hranljivu vrednost i, u slučaju da se unesu u većoj količini, mogu da dovedu do teških posledica po ljude i životinje. Iz tog razloga, oplemenjivanje svih zrnenih mahunarki usmereno je i ka snižavanju sadržaja antinutritivnih činilaca na bezopasan nivo. Oplemenjivanje soje na smanjeni sadržaj antinutritivnih činilaca dovelo je do stvaranja Kunitz-free sorti soje, pogodnih za termičku obradu na nižim temperaturama i kraćeg trajanja, što je način uštede energije i očuvanja vrednih hranljivih sastojaka sojinog zrna. Što se tiče drugih zrnenih mahunarki, najveći napredak ostvaren je kod proteinskog graška, kod kojeg sve savremene sorte imaju nizak ili vrlo nizak sadržaj antinutritivnih činilaca. Među dostignućima su i zero-tannin sorte boba, sa širokom upotrebom u stočarstvu i industriji hleba, sorte obične grahorice sa niskim sadržajem toksina, tzv. slatke sorte lupina i sorte sastrice sa niskim sadržajem ODAP

Životna sposobnost semena soje pri različitim uslovima testiranja

Seed vigour of four soybean genotypes was studied by a standard and the Cold test method on three soil types. A low temperature and worse substrates caused the reduction of germination, length of the hypocotyls, seedling primary roots and the emergence rate. Seed germination on sand under Cold test conditions was lower by 7-22% in addition to optimum conditions, depending on a genotype. Germination values were lower when the soil was used as a substrate (alongside of sand). The emergence rate was more affected by a substrate (sand and soil) than by temperatures. The initial growth intensity (determined over lengths of roots and hypocotyls) was significantly decreased under unfavourable temperature and the soil conditions. The chernozem was the most favourable, while the pseudogley was the most unfavourable type of soil. Seed vigour testing under optimum conditions provides the information on maximum possible germination and initial growth. Because of that, it is necessary to apply testing methods like field conditions, to get more reliable prognosis about the initial plants growth and development.Ispitivana je životna sposobnost semena četiri genotipa soje, standardnom i Cold test metodom na tri tipa zemljišta. Niska temperatura i nepovoljniji substrat su uticali na smanjenje nicanja, dužine hipokotila i primarnog korena i brzinu nicanja. U zavisnosti od genotipa, nicanje u pesku u uslovima Cold testa bilo je niže za 7-22% u odnosu na optimalne uslove. Nicanje je bilo slabije kada je kao substrat korišćeno zemljište (u odnosu na pesak). Na brzinu nicanja je više uticao substrat nego temperatura. Intenzitet početnog rasta (određen preko dužine korena i hiopkotila) se značajno smanjio u nepovoljnim uslovima temperature i zemljišta. Černozem je bio najpovoljniji a pseudoglej najnepovoljniji tip zemljišta. Testiranje životne sposobnosti semena u optimalnim uslovima daje informacije o maksimalno mogućoj klijavosti i početnog rasta. Zbog toga je neophodno primeniti metode testiranja približne poljskim uslovim, da bi prognoza o početnom rastu i razviću biljaka bila pouzdanija

Nutritivna vrednost zrna sorti soje bez Kunitz-tripsin inhibitora u zrnu

Utilization of the raw beans for food and feed is prohibited by the presence of protease inhibitors. Breeding soybean cultivars for reduced amount of anti nutritional factors at Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje resulted in development of two new Kunitz-free cultivars - Lana and Laura. Feeding trials with pigs in different growth stages were conducted to compare the response of growing and finishing pigs to diets containing either raw or extruded standard and KTI-free (Kunitz trypsin inhibitor-free) soybean cultivars. The greatest improvement in growth performance was noted for the group fed extruded KTIfree soybean. This group achieved highest daily weight gain and gain per feed unit. Growth parameters for group of pigs fed raw soybean Kunitz-free cultivar were slightly reduced.Upotreba zrnastih mahunarki u sirovom stanju u ishrani ljudi i domaćih životinja ograničena je prisustvom inhibitora proteaza u zrnu. Oplemenjivanje soje na smanjen sadržaj antihranljivih materija u Institutu za kukuruz Zemun Polje rezultiralo je stvaranjem dve nove sorte soje bez Kunitz tripsin inhibitora - Lana i Laura. U cilju upoređivanja efekata ishrane koja sadrži sirovo ili ekstrudirano zrno soje standardnog kvaliteta zrna i soje bez Kunitz tripsin inhibitora, postavljeni su ishranbeni ogledi sa svinjama u različitim fazama tova. Najveći napredak u pogledu brzine porasta je ostvaren kod grupe hranjene ekstrudiranim zrnom soje bez Kunitz tripsin inhibitora. Ova grupa postigla je najveće vrednosti prosečnog dnevnog porasta i porasta po jedinici konzumiranog hraniva. Parametri rasta kod grupe svinja hranjene sirovim zrnom soje bez Kunitz tripsin inhibitora bili su blago umanjeni u odnosu na ostale ispitivane grupe

Uticaj načina žetve i dorade na životnu sposobnost semena soje

Organic viability of soybean seed for three soybean varieties - elite (Bosa, ZPS 015 and Nena) depending on methods of manipulation with seeds during harvesting and processing phase were determined in this paper. Trial was conducted in Zemun Polje during 1999; manual and mechanized harvesting or processing methods were applied. Seed germination was tested using ISTA methods (Standard method and Cold test). Following parameters were evaluated: germination viability, germination, rate-speed of emergence, length of hypocotile and main root Rate-speed of emergence was based on number of emerged plants per day. Length of hypocotile or root and percent of germination determined vigour index. Based on obtained results it maybe concluded that methods of seed manipulation during harvesting or processing phase were influenced on soybean seed quality parameters evaluated. Ways of seed manipulation - methods evaluated were influenced organic viability of soybean seed by decreasing germination viability, total germination and length of main root.U radu je ispitivana životna sposobnost semena tri sorte soje-elite (Bosa, ZPS 015 i Nena) u zavisnosti od načina manipulisanja semenom u toku žetve i dorade. Seme je proizvedeno u Zemun Polju u 1999. godini, a žetva i dorada su obavljene ručno i mašinski. Za ispitivanje klijavosti korišćene su ISTA metode (standardna i Cold test). Ispitivani su sledeći parametri: energija klijanja, klijavost, brzina nicanja, dužina bipokotila i primarnog korena. Krzina nicanja utvrđena je na osnovu broja izniklih biljaka po danu. Indeks vigoroznosti je determinisan na osnovu dužine hipokotila i korena i procenat klijavosti. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da su načini manipulisanja semenom u toku žetve i dorade uticali na ispitivane parametre kvaliteta semena soje. Načini manipulisanja semenom i metode ispitivanja uticali su na životnu sposobnost semena soje smanjivanjem urednosti energije klijanja, klijavosti i dužine primarnog korena

Antioksidanti u semenu soje i suncokreta

The objective of this study was to examine differences in antioxidants content: phytate, phenolics, free thiolics (PSH) and glutathione (GSH) in seeds of 7 soybean varieties and 10 sunflower lines with aim to signify their nutritive quality, valuable for further breeding process. The variations between soybean varieties in phytate content were minor, while el/7 was sunflower line with lowest phytate content, which could be used for program breeding of low phytate grain. The relative high phytate and phenolics content was present in Laura seeds, as well as lowest PSH and GSH content. Generally, the higher content of phenolics were in sunflower seeds, what could be considered as negative atribut from nutritive point of view. The highest PSH content was observed in soybean seeds of Nena and Olga. Lower PSH and GSH content was noted in sunflower seeds (down to 4 and 7 times, respectively), compared to soybean. The soybean seeds have potentially better antioxidative potential, compared to sunflower, owing to multiple higher PSH and GSH content and lower level of phenolics. Soybean variety Olga is accenuated as high in PSH and GSH, as well as sunflower line l4/ru, which had higher PSH and particulary GSH level, with lower phytate and phenolics content, as possible antinutrients.Cilj ogleda je bio da se ispitaju razlike u sadržaju antioksidanata: fitina, fenola, slobodnih tiola i glutationa u semenu 7 ZP sorti soje i 10 linija suncokreta i time ukaže na njihov nutritivni kvalitet i značaj za dalji proces selekcije. Kod soje nije bilo znatnijih variranja u pogledu sadržaja fitina, dok se kod suncokreta izdvaja el/7, kao linija sa najnižim učešćem fitina, koja bi mogla poslužiti u postupku oplemenjvanja niskofitinskih hibrida suncokreta. Kod Laure je pored relativno visokog sadržaj fenola i fitina bio prisutan i najniži sadržaj PSH i GSH. Kod suncokreta je generalno bio prisutan znatno veći sadržaj fenola u zrnu, što je sa nutritivne tačke gledišta negativno. Kod ispitivanih sorti soje, najveći sadržaj PSH je bio kod Nene i Olge. U semenu suncokreta je prosečno bilo 4 i 7 puta manje PSH i GSH. Seme soje poseduje potencijalno bolji antioksidativni potencijal u odnosu na suncokret, zahvaljujući višestruko većem sadržaju PSH i GSH i nižem udelu fenola. Posebno se ističe sorta soje Olga sa visokom sadržajem PSH i GSH, kao i linija suncokreta l4/ru, koja je imala veći sadržaj PSH, a posebno GSH i niži udeo fitina i fenola, kao potencijalnih antinutritiva

Decrease of yield components and morphological traits of soybean full-sibs under drought conditions

Soybean, as a plant species, is native to regions with conditions favourable of humidity and temperatures for its growth and development. The expansion of the soybean growing area resulted in requirements of varieties with higher tolerance and more stable grain yield under drought conditions. In order to develop high yielding varieties, the method of full-sib (FS) selection was applied in this study, as one of many methods of recurrent selection. The basic principle of recurrent selection is a cyclic selection, with the aim to accumulate favourable alleles. Three most yielding F2:3 sister lines obtained from the crossing combination of varieties Kunitz and Kador, were used for two combinations. Progenies of two FS crossing combinations were tested in two locations during two years (2011 with more favourable and 2012 with less favourable precipitation distribution). The values of grain yield per plant, the most important components of yield and morphological traits decreased under less favourable conditions. The highest decrease was recorded in the number of pods and the number of grains per plant, whereas the lowest decrease was found for the 1000-grain weight. Regardless of the relatedness of the tested material, significant differences in response to drought were observed not only between two FS progenies, but also within progenies of each combination. Soybean grain yield is a complex trait strongly affected by environmental conditions. Under unfavourable conditions, the reductions in the following traits were observed in progenies of two sister combinations: grain yield per plant (26.5-36.0% and 25.6-42.7%), number of pods per plant (18.6-33.0% and 12.6-38.2%) and the number of grains per plant (18.1-30.2% and 14.3-37.6%). Three progenies of FS crossings with the lowest yield reduction were identified as suitable initial material for the development of varieties with higher tolerance to drought conditions.Soja, kao biljna vrsta, potiče iz regiona sa povoljnim uslovima vlage i temperature za njen rast i razviće. Sa širenjem areala gajenja soje, nastala je potreba za sortama sa većom tolerancijom i stabilnijim prinosima zrna u uslovima suše. U cilju stvaranja prinosnih sorti, za formiranje materijala u ovom radu, korišćena je metoda ukrštanja u punom srodstvu (FS) koja pripada metodama rekurentne selekcije. Osnovni princip ove grupe metoda su ukrštanja u ciklusima u cilju akumulacije poželjnih gena. Iz kombinacije ukrštanja sorti Kunitz i Kador, odabrane su tri najprinosnije F2:3 linije, za dve FS kombinacije ukrštanja. Potomstva dve FS kombinacije ukrštanja su na dve lokacije u toku dve godine (2011 sa povoljnijim i 2012 sa manje povoljnim rasporedom padavina). Vrednosti prinosa zrna po biljci, najvažnijih komponenti prinosa i morfoloških osobina su se smanjile u manje povoljnim uslovima. Najviše se smanjio broj mahuna i broj zrna po biljci a najmanje masa 1000 zrna. Bez obzira na srodnost testiranog materijala, uočene su značajne razlike reakcije na sušu, kako između dva FS potomstva, tako i unutar potomstava svake kombinacije. Prinos zrna soje je kompleksna osobina pod jakim uticajem uslova spoljne sredine. U nepovoljnim uslovima kod potomstava dve sestrinske kombinacije ukrštanja, došlo je do smanjenja prinosa zrna po biljci od 26.5-36,0% i 25,6-42.7%, broja mahuna po biljci od 18.6-33.0% i 12.6-38.2%, broja zrna po biljci od 18.1-30,2% i 14.3-37.6%. Identifikovana su tri potomstva iz FS ukrštanja sa najmanjim smanjenjem prinosa pogodna kao početni materijal za stvaranje linija i sorti sa većom tolerancijom prema uslovima suše