Full simulation of chiral Random Matrix Theory at non-zero chemical potential by Complex Langevin

It is demonstrated that the complex Langevin method can simulate chiral random matrix theory at non-zero chemical potential. The successful match with the analytic prediction for the chiral condensate is established through a shift of matrix integration variables and choosing a polar representation for the new matrix elements before complexification. Furthermore, we test the proposal to work with a Langevin-time dependent quark mass and find that it allows us to control the fluctuations of the phase of the fermion determinant throughout the Langevin trajectory.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figure

Complex Langevin Dynamics for chiral Random Matrix Theory

We apply complex Langevin dynamics to chiral random matrix theory at nonzero chemical potential. At large quark mass the simulations agree with the analytical results while incorrect convergence is found for small quark masses. The region of quark masses for which the complex Langevin dynamics converges incorrectly is identified as the region where the fermion determinant frequently traces out a path surrounding the origin of the complex plane during the Langevin flow. This links the incorrect convergence to an ambiguity in the Langevin force due to the presence of the logarithm of the fermion determinant in the action.Comment: 23 pages, 10 figure

Surprises for QCD at Nonzero Chemical Potential

In this lecture we compare different QCD-like partition functions with bosonic quarks and fermionic quarks at nonzero chemical potential. Although it is not a surprise that the ground state properties of a fermionic quantum system and a bosonic quantum system are completely different, the behavior of partition functions with bosonic quarks does not follow our naive expectation. Among other surprises, we find that the partition function with one bosonic quark only exists at nonzero chemical potential if a conjugate bosonic quark and a conjugate fermionic quark are added to the partition function.Comment: Invited talk at Continuous Advances in QCD, Minneapolis 2006. Latex, 8 pages and 5 figure

Progress on the Microscopic Spectrum of the Dirac Operator for QCD with Wilson Fermions

Starting from the chiral Lagrangian for Wilson fermions at nonzero lattice spacing we have obtained compact expressions for all spectral correlation functions of the Hermitian Wilson Dirac operator in the $\epsilon$-domain of QCD with dynamical quarks. We have also obtained the distribution of the chiralities over the real eigenvalues of the Wilson Dirac operator for any number of flavors. All results have been derived for a fixed index of the Dirac operator. An important effect of dynamical quarks is that they completely suppress the inverse square root singularity in the spectral density of the Hermitian Wilson Dirac operator. The analytical results are given in terms of an integral over a diffusion kernel for which the square of the lattice spacing plays the role of time. This approach greatly simplifies the expressions which we here reduce to the evaluation of two-dimensional integrals.Comment: 7 pages, Latex, talk at Lattice 2011, Squaw Valley, July 10-16, 201

Spectral Sum Rules of the Dirac operator and Partially Quenched Chiral Condensates

Exploiting Virasoro constraints on the effective finite-volume partition function, we derive generalized Leutwyler-Smilga spectral sum rules of the Dirac operator to high order. By introducing $N_v$ fermion species of equal masses, we next use the Virasoro constraints to compute two (low-mass and large-mass) expansions of the partially quenched chiral condensate through the replica method of letting $N_v \to 0$. The low-mass expansion can only be pushed to a certain finite order due to de Wit-'t Hooft poles, but the large-mass expansion can be carried through to arbitrarily high order. Results agree exactly with earlier results obtained through both Random Matrix Theory and the supersymmetric method.Comment: LaTeX, 19 pages, misprints correcte

The Wilson Dirac Spectrum for QCD with Dynamical Quarks

All microscopic correlation functions of the spectrum of the Hermitian Wilson Dirac operator with any number of flavors with equal masses are computed. In particular, we give explicit results for the spectral density in the physical case with two light quark flavors. The results include the leading effect in the discretization error and are given for fixed index of the Wilson Dirac operator. They have been obtained starting from chiral Lagrangians for the generating function of the Dirac spectrum. Microscopic correlation functions of the real eigenvalues of the Wilson Dirac operator are computed following the same approach.Comment: 26 pages, 5 figure

Phase of the Fermion Determinant for QCD at Finite Chemical Potential

In this lecture we discuss various properties of the phase factor of the fermion determinant for QCD at nonzero chemical potential. Its effect on physical observables is elucidated by comparing the phase diagram of QCD and phase quenched QCD and by illustrating the failure of the Banks-Casher formula with the example of one-dimensional QCD. The average phase factor and the distribution of the phase are calculated to one-loop order in chiral perturbation theory. In quantitative agreement with lattice QCD results, we find that the distribution is Gaussian with a width $\sim \mu T \sqrt V$ (for $m_\pi \ll T \ll \Lambda_{\rm QCD}$). Finally, we introduce, so-called teflon plated observables which can be calculated accurately by Monte Carlo even though the sign problem is severe.Comment: Contribution to Lattice 2008, 7 pages, 5 figure