833 research outputs found
Time use and rurality – Canada 2005
This paper provides a preliminary assessment of rurality as a factor affecting where and how people use their time, in a North American context. Rurality is a complex concept, but two key aspects are the degree of urban influence, and economic dependence on resource industries (farming and fishing particularly). Using dichotomous variables from the 2005 Canadian time use survey, we find that rural residence and resource employment both strongly influence time use and travel behaviour. Responding to fewer and more distant opportunities, people with rural residence participate less than urbanites in paid work, education, and shopping, and thus on average spend less time in these activities. Differences in time use between resource and nonresource workers are generally less marked than those related to urban versus rural workers. However, resource workers spend significantly less time in care-giving and sports, and more time in shopping and education. Participation in many activities is lower for resource workers, but those who participate spend significantly more time in paid work, domestic work, shopping, and education. Rural residents were found to spend considerably less time in travel than urban dwellers. On average, they take fewer trips per day, of shorter average duration, and spend less time in travel. Resource workers take significantly fewer trips than non-resource workers, spend less total time in travel, and have trips of lower average duration.Rurality, time use, resource industries, travel, Canada
Entropy production in full phase space for continuous stochastic dynamics
The total entropy production and its three constituent components are
described both as fluctuating trajectory-dependent quantities and as averaged
contributions in the context of the continuous Markovian dynamics, described by
stochastic differential equations with multiplicative noise, of systems with
both odd and even coordinates with respect to time reversal, such as dynamics
in full phase space. Two of these constituent quantities obey integral
fluctuation theorems and are thus rigorously positive in the mean by Jensen's
inequality. The third, however, is not and furthermore cannot be uniquely
associated with irreversibility arising from relaxation, nor with the breakage
of detailed balance brought about by non-equilibrium constraints. The
properties of the various contributions to total entropy production are
explored through the consideration of two examples: steady state heat
conduction due to a temperature gradient, and transitions between stationary
states of drift-diffusion on a ring, both in the context of the full phase
space dynamics of a single Brownian particle
Margaret Macdonald, Philosopher of Language
I chart the philosophical development of neglected figure Margaret Macdonald and situate that development in the context of mid-century analytic philosophy more broadly. I examine Macdonald’s changing attitude towards verificationism, and show that these changing views led her, in 1950 and beyond, to a very thorough appreciation of language use as capable of being employed in the execution of distinctive kinds of performative act. I compare Macdonald’s views with the far better known work of J. L. Austin, and I emphasise the extent to which she has, despite her insightful contributions, been omitted from the history of philosophy
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