The cervical vertebras of the Carpathian bear

The atlas has a butterfly shape, presents an alary hole that is united with the vertebral hole through a wide alary trench. The transversal hole is found on the caudal edge of the wings of the atlas. The axis is particularized by the development of a spinal process, oblong anterior-posterior. The caudal edge of the spinal process is callous, provided with a deep muscular fosse delimited laterally by a bony crest. The dens, cylindrical process presents in front a plan surface cut oblique. The cervical vertebras III-VII are characterized by an elongation of transversal processes, ended with a well-defined tuberous tubercle

The morphological peculiarities of budger skull (Meles Meles)

The studies were performed on badger skulls prepared by removal of adjacent tissues for evidence of morphological peculiarities such as: the shape, length and development processes of the bone and specific joints. The appearance of the bony prominences demonstrates both the traction force in contraction and pressure produced by muscles on the bones, in accord with the anatomical principles. Analyzing these issues, at badger' skull ones can observe the canines which are developed, having strong root noticed by extended alveolar canine which protrude on the surface of maxillary bone. The incomplete orbital cavity is laterally delimited by the zygomatic process of the frontal and the frontal process of zygomatic bone, both being reduced and triangular. Caudo-medial (dorsal and ventral) the orbit is bounded by each high blade bone which converge toward the orbital hiatus. The ceiling of mouth looks trapezoid and narrows caudal because the layout of the last molar cross-like carnivores. The articular condyle of the temporal appears as a groove, transversely elongated, caudal flanked by the retroarticular process. The mandible has branches diverged caudally, causing widwning of oropharyngeal opening and articular condyle of the mandible looks cylindrical and transverse elongated. The developed coronoid process is quadrangular and the angular process is very developed

The morpho-functional peculiarities of the synsarcosis muscles in red squirrels

In terrestrial species, body propulsion is mostly performed via the pelvic limbs. In semiaquatic species, both pairs of limbs are used in swimming and diving, whereas in arboreal species, the pelvic limbs are used to maintain body stability. Thus, in squirrels, the synsarcosis muscles participate in body propulsion during climbing, as they have well-developed muscular bellies. Among these, the pectoral transverse muscle, which originates along the entire sternum and is inserted on the humeral crest, stands out for its width. The cervical parts of the trapezius and rhomboideus muscles are reduced and their thoracic parts more developed. As a result, muscles such as the occipitoscapularis or atlantoscapularis coordinate forelimb protraction and neck displacement. The serratus ventralis muscle is very well developed and clearly divided into cranial (cervical) and caudal (thoracic) parts; it produces a strong adduction of the thoracic limbs when the parts contract, and when they relax, a large abduction of the forelimbs is produced, enlarging the body size during jumping

Peculiarities of thorax intervertebral joints in muskrat (Ondatra zibethica)

The transverse process of thorax vertebra had a different conformation in the muskrat’s case. This process was completely formed in the first three and the last two thoracic vertebra (the lamina separated from the body is knitted with the one separated from the arch). Starting with the fourth vertebra until the eleventh one, the transverse process was incomplete. Between the two laminas, a deep incision was created. The lamina separated from the body was changed in an articulatory process, made up of two surfaces: a lateral (ventral) one, of articulation with the tubercle of the rib, and a medial (dorsal) one. The transverse incision was used for sliding like on a trochlea of the costal-transverse intraarticular ligament, which was specific to the muskrat, for the insertion in the back of the incision

Characterization of the Red Mud Resulted from the Alumina Bayer Process Production for the Future Use in Geopolymers Synthesis

This paper presents the results of analyses on the chemical, structural and morphological processing of bauxite red mud resulting from alkaline wet Bayer technology. The characterization of the material considered as waste from alumina production industry aims at obtaining geopolymeric materilas. The results obtained were compared to literature data and support further research for the synthesis of inorganic polymers (geopolymers) intended for the manufacture of construction materials, starting from red mud as base material

Cortisol and Oxytocin Could Predict Covert Aggression in Some Psychotic Patients

Background: The covert or indirect type of aggression has a risk of converting in violent acts and, considering that, it is very important to identify it in order to apply effective preventive measures. In cases of psychotic patients, the risk of becoming violent is harder to predict, as even neuter stimuli may be perceived as threat and trigger aggression. Treating all the psychiatric patients as potential aggressive subjects is not the best preventive measure as only a few of them are aggressive and this measure may further enhance the stigma on mentally ill patients. There is a current need for better understanding of covert aggression and to find objective measures, such as biological markers, that could be indicative of potential violent behavior. In this work, we try to investigate the role of cortisol and oxytocin as potential biomarkers of aggression in patients with psychosis. Material and Methods: We analyzed the level of peripheral oxytocin (pg/mL) and cortisol level (ng/mL) in 28 psychotic patients (they were not on psychotropic treatment at the moment of admission and those with substance abuse or personality disorder were excluded from the study) and correlated it with the intensity of aggression reported by the patient (overt and covert type) using the Overt Covert Aggression Inventory and the level of observed aggression of the patient in the past 7 days (rated by the health care provider) using the Modified Overt Aggression Scale. Results: We found that psychotic patients with a higher level of covert aggression had a lower level of cortisol (61.05 ± 8.04 ng/mL vs. 216.33 ± 12.6.9 ng/mL, p ˂ 0.01) and a higher level of oxytocin (102.87 ± 39.26 vs. 70.01 ± 25.07, p = 0.01) when compared with patients with a lower level of covert aggression. Furthermore, we observed significant negative correlation between cortisol and covert aggression (r = −0.676, p < 0.001) and between oxytocin and covert type of aggression (r = 0.382, p = 0.04). Moreover, we found that a lower level of cortisol together with a higher level of oxytocin are significant predictors of a style of internalized manifestation of aggression, with the predictive model explaining 55% of the variant of the internalized manifestation of aggression (F (2.25) = 17.6, p < 0.001, β = 0.35, R2 = 55.2). We did not find significant correlations between cortisol and overt aggression, and neither between oxytocin and overt aggression. Positive correlations were also found between the overt type of self-reported aggression and overt aggression reported by the rater (r = 0.459, p = 0.01). Conclusions: The importance of a predictive model in understanding covert aggression is imperative and the results of our study show that oxytocin and cortisol warrant to be further investigated in establishing a definitive predictive model for covert aggression

RELIGIOUS MARKETING

The purpose of this paper is to establish the conceptual delimitation of the term religious marketing. The term religious marketing has caused controversy. There are two currents: that of the theologians, on one hand and that of the marketers, on the other hand. The representatives of each current have their own view regarding the implementation of marketing into the religious sphere. The article concludes with the necessity to adapt the churches’ activities and the ways they must be presented to the society’s actual characteristics. This can be achieved by using appropriate marketing tools and methods; however, the particularities of religion must be taken into account in order not to alter its religious values