Pathways to Attrition: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Justifications for Police Designations of Sexual Assault Complaints

The present analysis is a reframing of an earlier study conducted by the author to compensate for perceived deficiencies in previous studies on police decisions in sexual assault complaints. Specifically, qualitative comparative analysis was employed at the micro-social level to reveal justification scenarios, employed by investigating officers, which resulted in attrition at the police level. It was found that police employed the legal model in justifying “unfounded” designations while police employed both legal and extralegal models in justifying designations of “departmental discretion.” Further rese arch, expanding the database through interview s and participant observation, is necessary to fully explore justification scenarios for police designations of sexual assault complaint

The SKP1-Like Gene Family of Arabidopsis Exhibits a High Degree of Differential Gene Expression and Gene Product Interaction during Development

The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes several families of polypeptides that are known or predicted to participate in the formation of the SCF-class of E3-ubiquitin ligase complexes. One such gene family encodes the Skp1-like class of polypeptide subunits, where 21 genes have been identified and are known to be expressed in Arabidopsis. Phylogenetic analysis based on deduced polypeptide sequence organizes the family of ASK proteins into 7 clades. The complexity of the ASK gene family, together with the close structural similarity among its members raises the prospect of significant functional redundancy among select paralogs. We have assessed the potential for functional redundancy within the ASK gene family by analyzing an expanded set of criteria that define redundancy with higher resolution. The criteria used include quantitative expression of locus-specific transcripts using qRT-PCR, assessment of the sub-cellular localization of individual ASK:YFP auto-fluorescent fusion proteins expressed in vivo as well as the in planta assessment of individual ASK-F-Box protein interactions using bimolecular fluorescent complementation techniques in combination with confocal imagery in live cells. The results indicate significant functional divergence of steady state transcript abundance and protein-protein interaction specificity involving ASK proteins in a pattern that is poorly predicted by sequence-based phylogeny. The information emerging from this and related studies will prove important for defining the functional intersection of expression, localization and gene product interaction that better predicts the formation of discrete SCF complexes, as a prelude to investigating their molecular mode of action

Confocal imaging and sub-cellular localization of ASK proteins in transgenic Arabidopsis. A&C

<p>; Propidium iodide-stained epidermal root cell walls or leaf epidermal cell walls and guard cell nuclei. <b>B</b>; Chlorophyll auto-fluorescence from the leaf mesophyll cell layer. <b>D–F</b>; stable expression of N-terminal YFP-tagged ASK3 protein in transgenic Arabidopsis. <b>G–I</b>; merged channels corresponding to panels (<b>A–C</b>) and (<b>D–F</b>).</p

Relative organ-specific abundance of cDNAs for select ASK genes.

<p>All gene expression was normalized relative to <i>ACTIN2</i> expression. <b>A</b>; Relative abundance of <i>ASK</i> gene cDNAs in flowers from stage 9 plants relative to seedlings. <b>B</b>; Relative abundance of <i>ASK</i> cDNAs in stage 15 flowers relative to seedlings. <b>C</b>; Relative expression of <i>ASK</i> genes in siliques relative to seedlings.</p

Interaction profile of select ASK and F-Box proteins as assessed using BiFC.

<p>Visualization of BiFC-based sub-cellular protein interactions between select ASK and F-Box proteins (TIR1 or UFO) in <i>N. benthamiana</i> epidermal leaf cells: YFP signal indicates a positive interaction; chlorophyll auto-fluorescence is shown in red. <b>A–H</b>; protein interactions between TIR1 and the ASK1,3,4,9 proteins expressed as BiFC fusion expression constructs. <b>I–P</b>; protein interactions between UFO and ASK1,3,4,9 proteins expressed as BiFC fusion expression constructs. <b>Q;</b> The indicated interaction map was developed as described in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050984#s2" target="_blank">methods</a>, and summarizes the results obtained following transient expression of BiFC constructs in <i>N. benthamiana</i> leaf epidermal cells. Edge lines joining nodes represent a positive interaction.</p

Relationship of the <i>ASK</i> gene family in Arabidopsis.

<p>The phylogenetic grouping of <i>ASK</i> genes based on their deduced primary amino acid sequence was calculated using the NJ method described. The genes are grouped into seven distinct clades as denoted by the vertical lines. Numbers at the branches represents percentage bootstrap support calculated for a 1000 replicates. All tree branches are scaled to the number of amino acid substations per site.</p

When it pays to be friendly: employment relationships and emotional labour in hairstyling

This article examines worker-client relationships in hairstyling. Data are drawn from interviews with 15 hourly-paid and 32 self-employed hairstylists and a self-administered survey. Relations of employment are found to be central to the deployment of emotional labour. Self-employed owner-operators are highly dependent on clients, rely on deep-acting, enact favours, and are prone to emotional breaking points when they fail to realise their 'congealed service'. In contrast, hourly-paid stylists perform surface acting, resist unpaid favours and experience fewer breaking points. Methodologically this article demonstrates the importance of comparative employment relations analysis (CERA) for exposing the relationship between employment structures and labour process experiences