Enhanced energy confinement and performance in a low-recycling tokamak,

ABSTRACT Extensive lithium wall coatings and liquid lithium plasma-limiting surfaces reduce recycling, with dramatic improvements in ohmic plasma discharges in the Current Drive eXperimentUpgrade (CDX-U). Global energy confinement times increase by up to 6×. These results exceed confinement scalings such as ITER98P(y,1) by 2-3×, and represent the largest increase in confinement ever observed for an ohmic tokamak plasma