Escala de Orientación Religiosa revisada en católicos españoles: validez estructural y consistencia interna de un modelo de 21 ítems

The personal religious orientation understood as the motivation behind religious behaviors must be considered as the process that manages and organizes the behavior of those who are religious. Thus, identifying the dimensionality of religiosity is important (Francis, 2007; Kirkpatrick & Hood, 1990). This paper analyzed the structural validity and internal consistency of the 31-item Batson and Ventis Religious Orientation Scale. Participants were 529 Spanish Catholic undergraduates aged between 18 and 55 years, M = 21.55, SD = 4.39. A Principal Component Analysis with Equamax rotation method was performed on the ROS-31 with the randomized 50% of the sample, obtaining a 21-item three-component model (intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest religious orientations). Then, a CFA carried out with the other 50% of the sample showed an adequate fit of the obtained model, SBχ2 (186) = 352.45, p < 0.01, CFI = 0.93, IFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.059 (CI 90% [0.049, 0.067]). The intrinsic scale showed an excellent internal consistency, the quest scale showed good internal consistency, and the extrinsic scale showed an acceptable internal consistency. Future lines of research are suggested in order to clarify the relationship between the religious orientation scales and some psychosocial variables.La orientación religiosa personal, entendida como la motivación subyacente a las conductas religiosas, debe ser considerada como el proceso que dirige y organiza la conducta de las personas religiosas. Identificar la dimensionalidad de la religiosidad parece, pues, ser importante. Este trabajo analiza la validez estructural y la consistencia interna de la Escala de Orientación Religiosa de Batson y Ventis de 31 ítems (ROS-31). Participaron 529 universitarios españoles con edades entre los 18 y los 55 años, M = 21.55, SD = 4.39. Se llevó a cabo un Análisis de Componentes Principales con rotación Equamax de la ROS-31 con el 50% aleatorio de la muestra, obteniendo un modelo de 3 componentes y 21 ítems (orientación religiosa intrínseca, extrínseca y de búsqueda). Un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio con el otro 50% aleatorio de la muestra mostró un ajuste adecuado del modelo, SBχ2 (186) = 352.45, p < 0.01, CFI = 0.93, IFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.059 (IC 90% [0.049, 0.067]). La escala de religiosidad intrínseca mostró una consistencia interna excelente, la de búsqueda una consistencia interna buena y la extrínseca una consistencia interna aceptable. Se sugieren líneas futuras de investigación en orden a clarificar la relación entre las escalas de orientación religiosa y algunas variables psicosociales.Psicologí

The Seeking Of Noetic Goals Revisited Among Spanish Young People

This study examined the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Seeking Of Noetic Goals (SONG) scale and analyzed the correlations with the Purpose in Life (PIL) scale and the gender-related differences. A cross-sectional method design was used. Participants were 349 Spanish undergraduates (225 women, 64.5%, and 124 men, 35.5%), with ages ranging between 18 and 26 years, M = 20.85, SD = 2.16. Spanish versions of both the SONG and PIL were used. A two-factor model (Need for Meaning and Expectations) with eight items (SONG-8), which showed a good fit and internal consistency, as well as a negative correlation with the PIL, was obtained. Men had higher scores than women on the scale and in both factors, and differences were significant for the total score of the SONG-8. A valid, robust, and parsimonious model for the SONG was obtained. The SONG and the PIL are complementary scales.Terapia Ocupaciona

Análise fatorial confirmatório dos principais modelos propostos para o Purpose-In-Life Test em uma mostra de universitários espanhóis

En los últimos años varios trabajos han analizado la estructura factorial del Purpose-In-Life Test, instrumento que mide el logro de sentido de la vida desde los planteamientos de la logoterapia, con resultados muy heterogéneos. El objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en poner a prueba distintos modelos propuestos en la literatura anterior, con una muestra de 766 alumnos de dos universidades de la Comunidad Valenciana (España), de los que 220 son hombres y 546 son mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 36 años (M = 21.96; DT = 3.56). Se realizaron análisis factoriales confirmatorios de dichos modelos y se compararon los valores de ajuste y las estructuras factoriales obtenidas, encontrando apoyo empírico para tres modelos bifactoriales.In recent years several papers have examined the structure of the Purpose-In-Life Test, which measures the achievement of meaning in life from the approach of logotherapy, having found heterogeneous results. The aim of this study was to test different models proposed in previous literature with a sample of 766 Spanish undergraduates (220 males, 546 females) from two universities of the Valencia Community (Spain), aged between 18 and 36 (M = 21.96; SD = 3.56). Confirmatory factor analysis of these models was conducted. The adjustment values and the factorial structures obtained were compared, finding empirical support for three bi-factorial models.Nos últimos anos vários trabalhos analisaram a estrutura fatorial do Purpose-In-Life Test, instrumento que mede o sucesso do sentido da vida desde as propostas da logoterapia, havendo sido obtidos resultados muito heterogêneos. O objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu em testar diferentes modelos propostos na literatura anterior, com uma mostra de 766 alunos de duas universidades da Comunidade Valenciana (Espanha), dos quais 220 são homens e 546 são mulheres, com idades compreendidas entre 18 e 36 anos (M = 21.96; DT = 3.56). Realizaram-se análises fatoriais confirmatórias desses modelos e foram comparados os valores de ajuste e as estruturas fatoriais obtidas, encontrando apoio empírico para três modelos bifatoriais

Sentido de vida e bem-estar psicológico em adultos emergentes espanhóis

Experiencing meaning in life (MiL) and psychological well-being (PWB) is an important developmental task in emerging adulthood, perhaps more than in any other period in life due to its transitional character and to the nature of its features, in Western societies. This study analyzes the relationship between MiL and PWB, as well as the differences in PWB according to the level of MiL (lack of meaning, indefinite meaning, and presence of meaning), in a sample of 333 Spanish emerging adults (224 women, 109 men), age ranged from 17 to 26 years, M = 21.06, SD = 2.23. Both Spanish versions of the PurposeIn-Life Test and the Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-Being were used. The Spearman’s coefficient of correlation showed a positive, significant relationship between MiL and PWB (global and dimensions). The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences in PWB between lack of meaning, indefinite meaning, and presence of meaning groups, except in Autonomy, in which only the difference between the presence of meaning group and the indefinite meaning group was significant. MiL is associated to the cognitive, emotional, and motivational aspects that directly point to PWB: positive self-worth and selfacceptance, perception and experience of freedom, responsibility and self-determination, positive view of both life as a whole and future, purpose and commitment of significant existential goals, self-trascendence and opening up to the others, integrative but not resigned coping of the adversity, life satisfaction, and self-realization.Sentir que a vida tem sentido e experimentar bem-estar psicológico são uma importante tarefa evolutiva na idade adulta emergente, talvez mais que em qualquer outra etapa evolutiva, devido a seu caráter transicional e a suas características nas sociedades ocidentais. Neste estudo, analisam-se as relações entre sentido de vida e bem-estar psicológico, bem como as diferenças em bem-estar psicológico em função do nível de sentido de vida (vazio existencial, indefinição de sentido e experiência de sentido) numa amostra de 333 adultos emergentes espanhóis (224 mulheres e 109 homens) com idade entre 17 e 26 anos (M=21.06, DT=2.23). Como instrumentos, foram utilizadas versões espanholas do teste Purpose-In-Life e das Escalas de Bem-estar Psicológico de Ryff. Como resultado, o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman mostrou uma relação positiva e significativa entre sentido de vida e bem-estar psicológico (global e dimensões), enquanto o teste de Kruskal-Wallis mostrou diferenças significativas em bem-estar psicológico entre os grupos de vazio existencial, indefinição de sentido e experiência de sentido, exceto na dimensão de Autonomia, na qual somente foi significativa a diferença entre experiência de sentido e indefinição de sentido. O sentido de vida se relacionou com os aspectos cognitivos, emocionais e motivacionais que apontam diretamente ao bem-estar subjetivo, isto é: autovalorização positiva e autoaceitação, percepção e experiência de liberdade, responsabilidade e autodeterminação, visão positiva da vida como um todo e do futuro, propósito e compromisso com metas existenciais importantes, autotranscedência e abertura aos demais, enfrentamento integrador, mas não resignado, da adversidade, satisfação vital e autorrealização.Sentir que la vida tiene sentido y experimentar bienestar psicológico son una importante tarea evolutiva en la adultez emergente, quizá más que en cualquier otra etapa evolutiva, debido a su carácter transicional y a sus características en las sociedades occidentales. En este estudio se analizan las relaciones entre sentido de la vida y bienestar psicológico, así como las diferencias en bienestar psicológico en función del nivel de sentido de vida (vacío existencial, indefinición de sentido y experiencia de sentido) en una muestra de 333 adultos emergentes españoles (224 mujeres y 109 hombres) con edades entre 17 y 26 años, M = 21.06, DT = 2.23. Como instrumentos, se utilizaron versiones españolas del test Purpose-In-Life y de las Escalas de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff. Como resultado, el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman mostró una relación positiva y significativa entre sentido de vida y bienestar psicológico (global y dimensiones), mientras que el test de KruskalWallis mostró diferencias significativas en bienestar psicológico entre los grupos de vacío existencial, indefinición de sentido y experiencia de sentido, excepto en la dimensión de Autonomía, en la cual solo fue significativa la diferencia entre experiencia de sentido e indefinición de sentido. El sentido de vida se relacionó con los aspectos cognitivos, emocionales y motivacionales que apuntan directamente al bienestar subjetivo, es decir: autovaloración positiva y autoaceptación, percepción y experiencia de libertad, responsabilidad y autodeterminación, visión positiva de la vida como un todo y del futuro, propósito y compromiso con metas existenciales importantes, autotrascendencia y apertura a los demás, afrontamiento integrativo pero no resignado de la adversidad, y satisfacción vital y autorrealización

Pain coping strategies and quality of life in patients diagnosed of fibromyalgia

Objetivo: El objetivo de la investigación se centra en el estudio de las estrategias de afrontamiento utilizada por el paciente para hacer frente a su dolor, siendo definidas estas como los pensamientos y acciones que los individuos realizan en sus esfuerzos por manejar el dolor, y su repercusión sobre la calidad de vida del paciente. Material y métodos: La muestra del estudio está formada por 32 mujeres diagnosticadas de fibromialgia que acuden por primera vez al Servicio de Psicología de la Unidad Multidisciplinar del Dolor en el Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia previa exploración médica. Los pacientes completaron una batería de cuestionarios donde además de recoger las variables sociodemográficas (edad, sexo, estado civil, nivel de estudios), se evaluó el nivel de dolor informado a través del EVA (escala analógica visual), valoración del dolor (por ejemplo, "el dolor depende de mí", "puedo anticipar cuándo me va a doler"...), las estrategias de afrontamiento al dolor a partir del cuestionario de afrontamiento al dolor (CAD) y el cuestionario de calidad de vida ICV-2R. Resultados y conclusiones: A nivel descriptivo, los resultados muestran que las pacientes informan de un nivel de dolor moderadamente elevado, siendo las estrategias de afrontamiento al dolor más utilizadas, la autoafirmación y la búsqueda de información, y presentando un índice de calidad de vida inferior al de la población general. A nivel correlacional, no se ha encontrado ninguna relación significativa entre el índice general de calidad de vida y las estrategias de afrontamiento al dolor, aunque el uso de estrategias de afrontamiento más bien pasivas (como por ejemplo, la religión) se asocian significativa y positivamente con la dimensiones de calidad de vida que implican cierto grado de desadaptación por parte del paciente a la enfermedad, mientras que el uso de estrategias más activas ante el dolor (por ejemplo, distracción y autocontrol mental) se relacionan significativa y negativamente con dichas dimensionesObjective: The objective of this research focused on the study of coping strategies used by patients to face pain, these being defined as the thoughts and actions taken by individuals in their efforts to handle pain and their impact on the patient quality of life. Material and methods: The study population included 32 women diagnosed of fibromyalgia that attended for the first time the Psychology Service of the Multidisciplinary Pain Unit at the Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia prior medical examination. The patients completed a set of questionnaires that, in addition to obtain sociodemographic variables (age, sex, marital status, educational level), the following was assessed: pain severity determined using a VAS (visual analogic scale), pain valuation (for example, "pain depends on me", "I can anticipate when it is going to hurt"...), pain coping strategies based on the pain coping questionnaire (PCQ) and the quality of life questionnaire ICV-2R. Results and conclusions: At the descriptive level, the results show that the patients reported a moderately severe pain, being self-assertion and information seeking the pain coping strategies more frequently used. Furthermore, they presented a quality of life index lower than the general population. At the correlational level, no significant relationship has been found between the general quality of life index and the pain coping strategies, although the use of more passive coping strategies (such as religion) are significantly and positively associated to dimensions of quality of life that involve certain degree of maladjustment of the patient to the disease, while the use of more active pain coping strategies (such as distraction and mental self-control) are significantly and negatively associated to such dimensions.Psicologí

Religious orientation and meaning in life.

Se analizan las relaciones entre la orientación religiosa y el Sentido de la Vida en una muestra de 180 universitarios españoles (rango de edad 18- 55, M = 22.91, DE = 6.71), medidos a través de versiones españolas de la Religious Orientation Scale y del Purpose-in-Life Test, respectivamente. De ser cierta la concepción de Batson y Ventis de que la orientación de Búsqueda es madura y flexible, mientras que la Intrínseca es dogmática y acrítica, debería ser aquella la que se relacionara de manera más positiva con el Sentido de la Vida. Contrariamente a esto, los resultados confirman lo obtenido en investigaciones anteriores, siendo la orientación Intrínseca la que explica el mayor porcentaje de la varianza de Sentido de la Vida. Esto cuestiona el planteamiento de Batson y Ventis, y plantea la posibilidad de que las convicciones religiosas intrínsecas sean una fuente de sentido.This paper analyzes the relationship between religious orientation and Meaning in Life, in a sample of 180 Spanish undergraduates (age range 18-55, M = 22.91, SD = 6.71), measured by means of both Spanish versions of the Religious Orientation Scale and the Purpose-In-Life Test, respectively. The starting point is the Batson and Ventis’ conception that the Quest orientation is mature and flexible, but the Intrinsic orientation is dogmatic and uncritical. If it is so, the Quest orientation should be related more positively to meaning in life. Our results indicate that the Intrinsic orientation, but not Quest, explains a higher percentage of the variance of the Meaning in Life, confirming the results obtained in previous research. Batson and Ventis’ approach is questioned, and it raises the possibility that intrinsic religious convictions are a source of meaning.Psicologí

Sex differences on Purpose-In-Life Test total and factorial scores among spanish undergraduates.

Se analizan las diferencias en las puntuaciones total y factoriales de la versión española del Purpose-In-Life Test [PIL] (Crumbaugh & Maholic, 1969; Noblejas de la Flor, 1994) asociadas al sexo, en un grupo de 309 estudiantes universitarios (207 mujeres y 102 hombres) de edades comprendidas entre 18 y 45 años. El PIL evalúa logro de sentido de la vida vs. vacío existencial. Las mujeres obtienen puntuaciones medias superiores a los hombres, tanto en la puntuación total del PIL como en sus diferentes factores. El análisis estadístico muestra que el sexo da lugar a diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la puntuación total y en los factores Percepción de sentido y Metas y tareas del PIL.The aim of this paper is to analyze the differences on Purpose-In-Life Test [PIL] (Crumbaugh & Maholic, 1969) total and factorial scores associated to sex, among 309 spanish undergratudates (207 women, 102 men), range 18 to 45 years. PIL Spanish version is used (Noblejas de la Flor, 1994). PIL evalues life meaning achievement vs. existential vacuum. Women achieve higher means on PIL total and factorial scores, and estatistical analysis show that sex is significantly associated to total PIL score and on Purpose perception and Goals and tasks factors scores.Psicologí

Presence of/search for meaning and positive psychological functioning in Spanish emerging adults

The feeling that one’s life has meaning is important throughout the human lifespan, and it is considered a factor related to optimal psychological functioning. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the relationship between the Presence and/or Search for Meaning and several positive psychological functioning variables in emerging adults, and analyze the differences associated with gender. Due to the transitional nature of emerging adulthood, it is important to know the relationships between meaning in life and variables of personal well-being, as well as the differences related to gender in emerging adults, in order to carry out educational and/or clinical interventions to improve their satisfaction with life, self-esteem, and happiness, among other personal well-being variables. The study involved 349 Spanish emerging adults (224 women, 64.20%, and 125 men, 35.80%) with ages ranging between 18 and 26 years, M = 20.81, SD = 2.17. Spanish adaptations of the Purpose-In-Life Test-10 Items, Seeking Of Noetic Goals-8 Items, Satisfaction With Life Scale, Rosenberg’s Self-esteem Scale, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, and Psychological Well-Being Scales were used. Descriptive statistics, t tests for differences between women and men, correlation analyses, and simple linear regression analyses were carried out. Presence of Meaning and Search for Meaning showed a negative correlationship. Presence of Meaning had a negative significant correlation with negative self-esteem, and a positive significant correlation with satisfaction with life, positive self-esteem, happiness, and psychological well-being. Search for Meaning had a negative significant correlation with satisfaction with life, positive self-esteem, happiness, and psychological well-being, and a positive significant correlation with negative self-esteem. Women obtained higher scores on Presence of Meaning, whereas men had higher scores on self-esteem. The experience of meaning in life (MiL) is a factor in optimal psychological functioning in emerging adulthood. Feeling that life has meaning is related to greater psychological well-being, life satisfaction, and happiness, and it is a significant predictor of positive psychological functioning. By contrast, Search for Meaning is associated with greater life dissatisfaction, less happiness, and lower well-being. The relationship between MiL and positive psychological functioning suggests the importance of providing resources to promote psychological well-being during emerging adulthood.Psicologí

A replication of the Reker and Cousins’ study about the complementarity between the Purpose-In-Life Test (PIL) and the Seeking of Noetic Goals (SONG) among Spanish young people

The main aim of this study was to replicate the Reker and Cousins’ (1979) work about the complementarity between the the Purpose-In-Life Test (PIL), which indicates the degree to which the person has found meaning and purpose in life (presence of meaning), and the Seeking of Noetic Goals (SONG), which measures the degree to which the person is motivated to find meaning and purpose in life (search for meaning). Participants were 349 Spanish undergraduates (224 women, 64.20 %, and 125 men, 35.80 %) between 18 and 26 years old, M = 20.81, SD = 2.17. Principal Component Analysis showed eight factors: four mainly related to the presence of meaning and four mainly related to the search for meaning. The PIL contributed four factors to presence of meaning, whereas the SONG contributed four factors to the search for meaning. The results confirmed the factorial structure, internal consistency, and validity of both scales and their complementarity.Psicologí