Environmental impact and sedimentary structures of mud volcanoes in southeast of the Caspian Sea basin, Golestan Province, Iran

Mud volcanoes are defined as main elements of geological structures and ways through and within which buried argillaceous loose sediments and lithified rocks. The Gharniaregh Tappeh and Naftelijeh mud volcanoes are the most attractive geomorphological phenomena in continental which appear along the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea. The Naftelijeh mud volcano is more active than Gharniaregh–Tappeh, while the latter is saltier than the former, indicating its proximity to salt domes. The ejected materials from these mud volcanoes are often comprised slurry of fine solids silt and clay suspended in liquids, which may include water (frequently acidic or salty) and hydrocarbon fluids. The most part of the gases released are methane. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen are also emitted but in much lesser quantities. The complicated morphology of the volcanoes can be rough terrain, cone-shaped and buildings mentioned columnar shape. The morphology of the effects can be uneven terrain such as hills and buildings used in the column. Emissions caused significant environmental impact, including the loss of plants and vegetation destruction is quite evident in the region. Like all other natural phenomena, mud volcanism phenomenon can affect the environment both positively and negatively, which is discussed here. Catastrophic reduction of Paleo - Caspian size combined with the increasing scale of mud volcanic activity caused the oversaturation and intoxication of water by methane leading to the mass extinction of mollusks, fishes and other groups of sea inhabitants

Introduction to environmental impact assessment of Ostracods species southeast of the Caspian Sea

The Ostracods of crustacean exist from the shoreline to a depth of about 2,800 meters. Ostracods are more often found in areas such as lakes, streams, rivers, marshes, lagoons, seas and oceans. Because these organisms are found in all ecosystems, freshwater, brackish and marine, it is natural to find their fossils in all these areas. Ostracodes are very important in Paleoecology, especially in the absence of foraminifera. Though the Caspian Sea is salty and bitter and contains thirteen thousand salt per unit, it is still quite sweeter than ocean water. This area is a suitable environment for ostracode life. These creatures are in both benthic and pelagic form, though the latter is rare. Species such as leptocythere alifani, Stenocypria fischeri, cyprideis sp., cyprideis littoralis, loxocnoncha gibboida, loxocnoncha eichwaldii, loxocnoncha emendates, and caspiolla liventali are the most well-known species in the southeastern part of the Caspian Sea. This study focused on the identification of ostracod species and recognizing environments that best suit the known variesties

The effect of sodium bentonite on growth, survival and biochemical composition of juvenile beluga (Huso huso)

For improving the hydro-stability of pelleted feed of juvenile Beluga in confined area and its growth performances, a nutritional experiment was conducted for 8 weeks duration, using sodium bentonite as a binder. In this experiment, four treatments with a level of 0, 1, 1.5 and 2 percent with iso-nitrogenus (45±0.61) and iso-lipedic (16±0.77) were formulated and feed to triplicate group of fish. Three-hundred and seventy five juvenile Beluga of size (22±0.7g) were randomly selected and distributed between 12 fiber glass tanks of 500L capacity. The juvenile beluga which was fed with diet containing 1.5% sodium bentonite had the highest RGR, PER and FER and shown significant with other treatments (p0.05).In general, treatment 1.5% sodium bentonite was shown to be the most reliable one