GESTIÓN DE RIESGO FINANCIERO COMO ESTRATEGIA PARA EL CRECIMIENTO DE LAS EMPRESAS CONSULTORAS EN EL ESTADO ZULIA

El estudio se orientó a evaluar la Gestión de Riesgo Financiero como estrategia para el crecimiento de lasempresas consultoras en el Estado Zulia. Se desarrolló bajo el enfoque multimodal, tipología evaluativa y diseñotransversal no experimental. Las unidades de análisis se conformaron por las 30 consultoras existentes en elestado. Para recopilar los datos se diseñó un cuestionario conformado por 54 ítems, recurriendo a la estadísticadescriptiva para el tratamiento de los datos. Los resultados señalan que el control de los Riesgos Financierosse traduce en una estrategia para analizar y contrarrestar las vulnerabilidades que afectan el crecimientoorganizacional.Palabras Claves: Gestión, Riesgo, Financiero, Estrategias, Empresas Consultora

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peel Extracts as Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Additives Used in Alfalfa Sprouts

Aqueous and ethanolic pomegranate peel extracts (PPE) were studied as a source of phenolic compounds with antimicrobial, anti-quorum sensing, and antioxidant properties. The aqueous extract showed higher total phenolic and flavonoid content (153.43 mg GAE/g and 45.74, respectively) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH radical inhibition: 86.12%, ABTS radical scavenging capacity: 958.21 mg TE/dw) compared to the ethanolic extract. The main phenolic compounds identified by UPLC-DAD were chlorogenic and gallic acids. The aqueous PPE extract showed antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, Candida tropicalis (MICs 19–30 mg/mL), and anti-quorum sensing activity expressed as inhibition of Chromobacterium violaceum violacein production (%). The aqueous PPE extracts at 25 mg/mL applied on alfalfa sprouts reduced psychrophilic bacteria (1.12 Log CFU/100 g) and total coliforms (1.23 Log CFU/100 g) and increased the antioxidant capacity of the treated sprouts (55.13 mol TE/100 g (DPPH) and 126.56 mol TE/100 g (ABTS)) compared to untreated alfalfa. This study emphasizes PPE’s antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in alfalfa sprouts preservation

Factores que afectan la respuesta reproductiva de vacas mestizas en anestro tratadas con un progestágeno intravaginal o con destete temporal por 120 horas

To study the effect of season (August-October, EP1; February-March, EP2), predominant breed (Bos taurus, BT; Bos indicus, BI), and number of parturitions (primiparous , PC; multiparous, MC) on reproductive response, 167 crossbred anestrous cows that were 90 to 130 d postpartum were allotted randomly to one of the following treatments: IP (n = 59), intravaginal sponge with 250 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) for 7 d; first day of treatment (Day 0), 50 mg MAP and 5 mg 17α-estradiol (17α-E) intramuscular (im); Day 5, 500 IU of eCG; 24 h after sponge removal (Day 8), 1.5 mg 17?-E im. CR (n = 57), temporary calf removal for 120 h. CG (n = 51), control group without treatment. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and GLM procedures. Season did not affect the reproductive response under the IP treatment; however, in EP2 cows under CR and/or CG had better reproductive response than in EP1: estrous rate (ER) was: CG: 36.8 vs 13.8%, respectively (P < 0.06), pregnancy rate at 30 d (TP30): CR: 40 vs 16.6%, (P < 0.02) and CG: 26.3 vs 3.4%, respectively (P < 0.06), pregnancy rate at 60 d (TP60): CR: 55 vs 23.3%, respectively (P < 0.02), interval parturition to 1st service (PFS): CG: 146.6 vs 181.8 d, respectively (P < 0.01), and interval parturition to conception (PCI): CR: 135.8 vs 156.7 d, (P < 0.05) and CG: 147.1 vs 171.1 d, respectively (P < 0.05). Predominant breed did not affect the reproductive response within any of the experimental group, except that under IP, BI cows had a greater TP60 than BI (62.5 vs 43.5%; P < 0.05). primiparous cows under CR had lower ER than multiparous(39.5% vs 68.2%; P < 0.05); whereas in CG TP60 was 3.5 times lower in PC than in MC cows (7.7 vs 27.3%; P < 0.07). Also, in CG the PFS was shorter in MC than PC cows (153.8 vs 173.7 d; P < 0.05). Overall, the IP treatment followed by CR gave greater estrous rate, accumulated pregnancy at 30 and 60 d post-treatment and reestablished pregnancy in a shorter period after calving than the non-treatment control.Con el fin de estudiar el efecto de la época de tratamiento (agosto-octubre, EP1; febrero-marzo, EP2), predominio racial (Bos taurus, BT; Bos indicus, BI) y número de partos (primíparas, VP; multíparas, VM) sobre la respuesta reproductiva, 167 vacas mestizas en anestro con 90 a 130 d postparto fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a uno de los siguientes tratamientos: PI (n = 59), esponja intravaginal con 250 mg de acetato de medroxyprogesterona (MAP) durante 7 d, el primer día de tratamiento (Día 0); 50 mg de MAP y 5 mg de 17 bestradiol (17b-E) intramuscular (im); Día 5, 500 UI de gonadropina coriónica (eCG); 24 h después de remover la esponja (Día 8), y 1.5 mg de 17b-E im. DT (n = 57), destete temporal por 120 h. GC (n = 51), grupo control no tratado. Los datos se analizaron mediante los procedimientos GLM y Chi-cuadrado del SAS. La época de tratamiento no afectó la respuesta reproductiva del grupo bajo tratamiento PI; no obstante, durante EP2 las vacas de los grupos de tratamiento DT y/o GC tuvieron mejor respuesta reproductiva que en EP1; tasa de celo (TC): GC: 36.8 vs 13.8%, respectivamente (P < 0.06), tasa de preñez a los 30 d (TP30): DT: 40 vs 16.6% (P < 0.02) y GC: 26.3 vs 3.4%, respectivamente (P < 0.06), tasa de preñez a los 60 d (TP60): DT: 55 vs 23.3%, respectivamente (P < 0.02), intervalo parto 1er servicio (IPS): GC: 146.6 vs 181.8 d, respectivamente (P < 0.01), intervalo partoconcepción (IPC): DT: 135.8 vs 156.7 (P < 0.05) y GC: 147.1 vs 171.1 d, respectivamente (P < 0.05). El predominio racial no afectó la respuesta reproductiva dentro de ningún tratamiento; exceptuando que entre las vacas del tratamiento PI la TP60 fue mayor en las BI que en las BT (62.5 vs 43.5%; P < 0.05). Las VP sometidas a DT tuvieron una TC menor que las VM (39.5% vs 68.2%; P < 0.05); mientras que en CG la TP60 fue 3.5 veces menor en las VP que en las VM (7.7 vs 27.3%; P < 0.07) y estas últimas recibieron antes el 1er servicio postparto que las VP (153.8 vs 173.7 d, respectivamente; P < 0.05). En general las vacas del tratamiento PI seguido de DT tuvieron mejores tasas de celo y preñez a los 30 y 60 d, y alcanzaron la concepción en un período considerablemente menor que las vacas GC

Reproductive response of crossbred Bos taurus × Bos indicus cows to biostimulation by pre-pubertal and pubertal teasers

Although the beneficial effect of biostimulation on reproduction has been reported, the influence of selectivity and social factors on the response to biostimulation has not received sufficient research attention in both Bos indicus and Bos indicus influenced cattle. Furthermore, ‘green and cheap’ strategies to improve cattle reproduction are currently in demand while Bos indicus influenced cattle with inferior reproductive performance, and farmers with economic limitations are common in tropical zones. Hence, to assess the reproductive response of crossbred taurus × indicus cows to biostimulation by pre-pubertal (PPM) or pubertal (PM) teasers males, two trials of 2 years each were conducted. Trial 1 n = 187 cows (Year 1:85 cows exposed to PPM and Year 2:102 cows exposed to PM). Trial 2 n = 196 cows (Year 1:101 cows exposed to PPM and Year 2:95 cows exposed to PM). The effect of exposing cows to PPM and PM on the intervals calving to first service (ICFS), calving to conception (ICC) and economic cost of days open (ECDO) was analysed using Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA and the effect of exposing cows to PPM and to PM on reproductive status at 90 days (RS90) and proportion of cows requiring hormonal protocols (PRH) was compared using χ2 analysis. Both ICFS and ICC were shorter (p <.0001) for PM-exposed females (96.12 ± 4.1 and 110.93 ± 2.9 days; respectively) compared with those PPM-exposed (134.41 ± 3.3 and 135.64 ± 2.4 days; respectively). With RS90, more (p <.0001) PM-exposed cows (50.7%) were pregnant compared with PPM-exposed cows (16.1%). The PRH was greater (p <.0001) in PPM-exposed cows (79.0%) compared with PM-exposed (27.9%). The ECDO was less (p <.0001) in PM-exposed cows (US$142.9 ± 3.8) compared with PPM-exposed (US$ 176.3 ± 2.9). In conclusion, cows exposed to PM had shorter ICFS and ICC compared with cows exposed to PPM. More cows exposed to PM were pregnant after 90 days, and PRH was less than cows exposed to PPM. Cows exposed to PM had a reduced ECDO than those exposed to PPM