GESTIÓN DE RIESGO FINANCIERO COMO ESTRATEGIA PARA EL CRECIMIENTO DE LAS EMPRESAS CONSULTORAS EN EL ESTADO ZULIA

El estudio se orientó a evaluar la Gestión de Riesgo Financiero como estrategia para el crecimiento de lasempresas consultoras en el Estado Zulia. Se desarrolló bajo el enfoque multimodal, tipología evaluativa y diseñotransversal no experimental. Las unidades de análisis se conformaron por las 30 consultoras existentes en elestado. Para recopilar los datos se diseñó un cuestionario conformado por 54 ítems, recurriendo a la estadísticadescriptiva para el tratamiento de los datos. Los resultados señalan que el control de los Riesgos Financierosse traduce en una estrategia para analizar y contrarrestar las vulnerabilidades que afectan el crecimientoorganizacional.Palabras Claves: Gestión, Riesgo, Financiero, Estrategias, Empresas Consultora

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peel Extracts as Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Additives Used in Alfalfa Sprouts

Aqueous and ethanolic pomegranate peel extracts (PPE) were studied as a source of phenolic compounds with antimicrobial, anti-quorum sensing, and antioxidant properties. The aqueous extract showed higher total phenolic and flavonoid content (153.43 mg GAE/g and 45.74, respectively) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH radical inhibition: 86.12%, ABTS radical scavenging capacity: 958.21 mg TE/dw) compared to the ethanolic extract. The main phenolic compounds identified by UPLC-DAD were chlorogenic and gallic acids. The aqueous PPE extract showed antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, Candida tropicalis (MICs 19–30 mg/mL), and anti-quorum sensing activity expressed as inhibition of Chromobacterium violaceum violacein production (%). The aqueous PPE extracts at 25 mg/mL applied on alfalfa sprouts reduced psychrophilic bacteria (1.12 Log CFU/100 g) and total coliforms (1.23 Log CFU/100 g) and increased the antioxidant capacity of the treated sprouts (55.13 mol TE/100 g (DPPH) and 126.56 mol TE/100 g (ABTS)) compared to untreated alfalfa. This study emphasizes PPE’s antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in alfalfa sprouts preservation

Factores que afectan la respuesta reproductiva de vacas mestizas en anestro tratadas con un progestágeno intravaginal o con destete temporal por 120 horas

To study the effect of season (August-October, EP1; February-March, EP2), predominant breed (Bos taurus, BT; Bos indicus, BI), and number of parturitions (primiparous , PC; multiparous, MC) on reproductive response, 167 crossbred anestrous cows that were 90 to 130 d postpartum were allotted randomly to one of the following treatments: IP (n = 59), intravaginal sponge with 250 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) for 7 d; first day of treatment (Day 0), 50 mg MAP and 5 mg 17α-estradiol (17α-E) intramuscular (im); Day 5, 500 IU of eCG; 24 h after sponge removal (Day 8), 1.5 mg 17?-E im. CR (n = 57), temporary calf removal for 120 h. CG (n = 51), control group without treatment. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and GLM procedures. Season did not affect the reproductive response under the IP treatment; however, in EP2 cows under CR and/or CG had better reproductive response than in EP1: estrous rate (ER) was: CG: 36.8 vs 13.8%, respectively (P < 0.06), pregnancy rate at 30 d (TP30): CR: 40 vs 16.6%, (P < 0.02) and CG: 26.3 vs 3.4%, respectively (P < 0.06), pregnancy rate at 60 d (TP60): CR: 55 vs 23.3%, respectively (P < 0.02), interval parturition to 1st service (PFS): CG: 146.6 vs 181.8 d, respectively (P < 0.01), and interval parturition to conception (PCI): CR: 135.8 vs 156.7 d, (P < 0.05) and CG: 147.1 vs 171.1 d, respectively (P < 0.05). Predominant breed did not affect the reproductive response within any of the experimental group, except that under IP, BI cows had a greater TP60 than BI (62.5 vs 43.5%; P < 0.05). primiparous cows under CR had lower ER than multiparous(39.5% vs 68.2%; P < 0.05); whereas in CG TP60 was 3.5 times lower in PC than in MC cows (7.7 vs 27.3%; P < 0.07). Also, in CG the PFS was shorter in MC than PC cows (153.8 vs 173.7 d; P < 0.05). Overall, the IP treatment followed by CR gave greater estrous rate, accumulated pregnancy at 30 and 60 d post-treatment and reestablished pregnancy in a shorter period after calving than the non-treatment control.Con el fin de estudiar el efecto de la época de tratamiento (agosto-octubre, EP1; febrero-marzo, EP2), predominio racial (Bos taurus, BT; Bos indicus, BI) y número de partos (primíparas, VP; multíparas, VM) sobre la respuesta reproductiva, 167 vacas mestizas en anestro con 90 a 130 d postparto fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a uno de los siguientes tratamientos: PI (n = 59), esponja intravaginal con 250 mg de acetato de medroxyprogesterona (MAP) durante 7 d, el primer día de tratamiento (Día 0); 50 mg de MAP y 5 mg de 17 bestradiol (17b-E) intramuscular (im); Día 5, 500 UI de gonadropina coriónica (eCG); 24 h después de remover la esponja (Día 8), y 1.5 mg de 17b-E im. DT (n = 57), destete temporal por 120 h. GC (n = 51), grupo control no tratado. Los datos se analizaron mediante los procedimientos GLM y Chi-cuadrado del SAS. La época de tratamiento no afectó la respuesta reproductiva del grupo bajo tratamiento PI; no obstante, durante EP2 las vacas de los grupos de tratamiento DT y/o GC tuvieron mejor respuesta reproductiva que en EP1; tasa de celo (TC): GC: 36.8 vs 13.8%, respectivamente (P < 0.06), tasa de preñez a los 30 d (TP30): DT: 40 vs 16.6% (P < 0.02) y GC: 26.3 vs 3.4%, respectivamente (P < 0.06), tasa de preñez a los 60 d (TP60): DT: 55 vs 23.3%, respectivamente (P < 0.02), intervalo parto 1er servicio (IPS): GC: 146.6 vs 181.8 d, respectivamente (P < 0.01), intervalo partoconcepción (IPC): DT: 135.8 vs 156.7 (P < 0.05) y GC: 147.1 vs 171.1 d, respectivamente (P < 0.05). El predominio racial no afectó la respuesta reproductiva dentro de ningún tratamiento; exceptuando que entre las vacas del tratamiento PI la TP60 fue mayor en las BI que en las BT (62.5 vs 43.5%; P < 0.05). Las VP sometidas a DT tuvieron una TC menor que las VM (39.5% vs 68.2%; P < 0.05); mientras que en CG la TP60 fue 3.5 veces menor en las VP que en las VM (7.7 vs 27.3%; P < 0.07) y estas últimas recibieron antes el 1er servicio postparto que las VP (153.8 vs 173.7 d, respectivamente; P < 0.05). En general las vacas del tratamiento PI seguido de DT tuvieron mejores tasas de celo y preñez a los 30 y 60 d, y alcanzaron la concepción en un período considerablemente menor que las vacas GC

Enhanced infection prophylaxis reduces mortality in severely immunosuppressed HIV-infected adults and older children initiating antiretroviral therapy in Kenya, Malawi, Uganda and Zimbabwe: the REALITY trial

Meeting abstract FRAB0101LB from 21st International AIDS Conference 18–22 July 2016, Durban, South Africa. Introduction: Mortality from infections is high in the first 6 months of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV‐infected adults and children with advanced disease in sub‐Saharan Africa. Whether an enhanced package of infection prophylaxis at ART initiation would reduce mortality is unknown. Methods: The REALITY 2×2×2 factorial open‐label trial (ISRCTN43622374) randomized ART‐naïve HIV‐infected adults and children >5 years with CD4 <100 cells/mm3. This randomization compared initiating ART with enhanced prophylaxis (continuous cotrimoxazole plus 12 weeks isoniazid/pyridoxine (anti‐tuberculosis) and fluconazole (anti‐cryptococcal/candida), 5 days azithromycin (anti‐bacterial/protozoal) and single‐dose albendazole (anti‐helminth)), versus standard‐of‐care cotrimoxazole. Isoniazid/pyridoxine/cotrimoxazole was formulated as a scored fixed‐dose combination. Two other randomizations investigated 12‐week adjunctive raltegravir or supplementary food. The primary endpoint was 24‐week mortality. Results: 1805 eligible adults (n = 1733; 96.0%) and children/adolescents (n = 72; 4.0%) (median 36 years; 53.2% male) were randomized to enhanced (n = 906) or standard prophylaxis (n = 899) and followed for 48 weeks (3.8% loss‐to‐follow‐up). Median baseline CD4 was 36 cells/mm3 (IQR: 16–62) but 47.3% were WHO Stage 1/2. 80 (8.9%) enhanced versus 108(12.2%) standard prophylaxis died before 24 weeks (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 0.73 (95% CI: 0.54–0.97) p = 0.03; Figure 1) and 98(11.0%) versus 127(14.4%) respectively died before 48 weeks (aHR = 0.75 (0.58–0.98) p = 0.04), with no evidence of interaction with the two other randomizations (p > 0.8). Enhanced prophylaxis significantly reduced incidence of tuberculosis (p = 0.02), cryptococcal disease (p = 0.01), oral/oesophageal candidiasis (p = 0.02), deaths of unknown cause (p = 0.02) and (marginally) hospitalisations (p = 0.06) but not presumed severe bacterial infections (p = 0.38). Serious and grade 4 adverse events were marginally less common with enhanced prophylaxis (p = 0.06). CD4 increases and VL suppression were similar between groups (p > 0.2). Conclusions: Enhanced infection prophylaxis at ART initiation reduces early mortality by 25% among HIV‐infected adults and children with advanced disease. The pill burden did not adversely affect VL suppression. Policy makers should consider adopting and implementing this low‐cost broad infection prevention package which could save 3.3 lives for every 100 individuals treated