A new genus and species of oceanic planktonic Tisbidae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) with enlarged modified eyes

Both sexes of a new monotypic genus of Tisbidae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) are described from the epi- or mesopelagic zone in the Kuroshio region, Japan. Gyorome guttatum gen. et sp. nov. belongs to a monophyletic lineage of deepwater holoplanktonic genera defined by a suite of characters. Within this clade, Gyorome gen. nov. appears most closely related to Neotisbella Boxshall, 1979. The most distinguishable feature of G. guttatum gen. et sp. nov. is the presence of large, paired, frontal modified eyes, each consisting of a baculiform ocellus, a globular (Gicklhorn’s?) organ, and a semi-parabolic plate. The taxonomic position of Tisbe spinulosa Bradford & Wells, 1983 is discussed and a key to the six meso- and bathypelagic tisbid species is provided. Confusion surrounding earlier literature reports of supernumerary elements on the caudal ramus in some harpacticoid taxa is clarified. Secondary modifications of ocellar components of the typical naupliar eye in the Harpacticoida are reviewed. It is suggested that the development of specialized eyes in G. guttatum gen. et sp. nov. may provide a means for detecting bioluminescent food particles in oligotrophic pelagic environments. The large, vaulted prosome indicates the species is an opportunistic macrophage that has adopted gorging as a feeding strategy

Studies on the Leukemogenesis of Mouse Leukemia by X-irradiation. Part 1. Changes in the Preleukemic Stage

In order to clarify the leukemogenesis by x-ray, observations were carried out on the peripheral blood pictures and on the histological changes of hematopoietic organs from time of X-irradiation to the onset of leukemia with lapse of time, and in addition, the developmental course of leukemia was pursued by Hiraki's clinical tissue cultures. As the result the following conclusions were drawn. 1. After one whole body irradiation of 350r on the RF strain of mice, leukemia developed in 77.3% of them. Out of them 75.4% proved to be lymphocytic leukemia while 1.8% myelogenous leukemia. In the former group some were of the thymoma type that presented swelling of the thymus and the others of the non-thymoma type without such swelling of the thymus. 2. After the X-irradiation, these mice showed hypoplasia of hematopoietic organs, which was followed by reactive proliferation, and in those of the thymoma type leukemic changes originated in the thymus whereas in those of the non-thymoma type the changes commenced in the spleen or in lymph node. 3. One month before the onset of leukemia, that is, in the so-called preleukemic stage, there could be observed a decrease in the leukocyte counts and an increase in the eosinophil counts, and in addition, the splean, lymph nodes or thymus showed such findings what might be histologically considered as leukemia, but by the clinical tissue cultures the findings rather suggested that it was in the stage showing hypoplasia. From these findings it has been concluded that leukemia induced by X-ray irradiation originates in the thymus in the case of lymphocytic leukemia of the thymoma type, while in the case of lympocytic leukemia of the non-thymoma type leukemia makes its appearance first in the spleen or in lymph nodes after passing a hypoplastic stage

New genus and species of calanoid copepods (Crustacea) belonging to the group of Bradfordian families collected from the hyperbenthic layers off Japan

A new genus and species of calanoid copepods belonging to the group of Bradfordian families, Pogonura rugosa gen. et sp. nov., is described from the deep-sea hyperbenthic layers off Nagannu Island, Okinawa Prefecture, southwestern Japan. Pogonura gen. nov. is similar to another Bradfordian genus Procenognatha in sharing the following characteristics: (1) segmentation of the antennule, fused segments II–IV, X–XI, XXVII–XXVIII in females and II–IV, X–XII, XXVII–XXVIII, right XXII–XXIII in males; (2) retained setae on the ancestral segments I–IV of the antennary exopod; (3) setules on the mandibular gnathobase; (4) 3 sclerotized setae on the maxillary endopod; (5) absence of sensory seta on the maxilliped; (6) large spinules on the posterior surface of the rami of legs 2 and 3; and (7) setation and segmentation of female leg 5. Pogonura gen. nov. is distinctly distinguished from Procenognatha by the following features: (1) reduction of a seta on the ancestral segment IX of the antennary exopod, (2) 8 setae (7 in Procenognatha) on the maxillular exopod, (3) 5 brush-like setae (6 in Procenognatha) on the maxillary endopod, and (4) reduction of right endopod of male leg 5. The systematic position of Pogonura gen. nov. in the Bradfordian families is also discussed. Although this new genus shares synapomorphies with some diaixid genera, an assignment of this genus to any Bradfordian family should be pending until the taxonomy of this family group is clearly settled

A new species of Pilarella (Copepoda, Calanoida, Arietellidae) from the hyperbenthic layer of Japan, with a molecular phylogenetic analysis of some representative genera of the Arietellidae

A new species of the continental shelf hyperbenthic genus Pilarella is described, the first from the Indo-Pacific. This is the second species of Pilarella known, and the first description of a male in the genus. The new species is easily distinguished from other species of Pilarella (P. longicornis) based on: (1) short caudal rami, approximately 1.5 times longer than wide; (2) 2 setae on the mandibular endopod; (3) 6 setae on the maxillular coxal epipodite; and (4) in the female, a short left antennule reaching the posterior border of the genital double-somite. The new diagnosis of Pilarella differs from Metacalanus in the separation of ancestral segments IX–XII and XIV–XV of the antennule, and the presence of 5–6 setae on the maxillular praecoxal arthrite. Pilarella is also separated from Metacalanalis based on the absence of a seta on the third ancestral segment of the antennary exopod, the symmetry of legs 1–3, the presence of a medial basal seta on the female leg 5, and 2 lateral exopodal spines on the female leg 5. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of some representative genera of the family Arietellidae, including the present new species, recovers two arietellid clades (Metacalanus- and Arietellus-clades) as in previous studies. Dichotomous keys for the genera of Arietellidae and the species of Pilarella are included

Reaction of H2 with Mitochondria-Relevant Metabolites Using a Multifunctional Molecular Catalyst

The Krebs cycle is the fuel/energy source for cellular activity, and therefore of paramount importance for oxygen-based life. The cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, where it produces and transfers electrons to generate energy-rich NADH and FADH2, as well as C4-, C5-, and C6-polycarboxylic acids as energy-poor metabolites. These metabolites are bio-renewable resources that represent potential sustainable carbon feedstocks, provided that carbon–hydrogen bonds are restored to these molecules. In the present study, polycarboxylic acids of the Krebs cycle and other mitochondria-relevant metabolites are dehydrated and reduced to diols or triols upon reaction with H2, catalyzed by sterically confined iridium-bipyridyl complexes

Long-term changes in paddy soil fertility in Peninsular Malaysia during 50 years after the Green Revolution with special reference to their physiographic environments

The objective of this study was to investigate the current soil properties in lowland paddy fields in Peninsular Malaysia and to assess the long-term changes in the soil fertility status during 50 years after the Green Revolution. Forty paddy fields were selected close to the study sites surveyed in 1965 and grouped based on six physiographic environments: the brackish swamp (including acid sulfate soils), the brackish alluvium, the freshwater swampand the riverine alluvium in the west coast, and the riverine alluvium and the beach ridges interspersed with swales in the east coast. Soil samples from the depth of 0–15 cm were analyzed for the physicochemical properties. Despite similar fertilizer application rates over Peninsular Malaysia, several differences were found in the current soil properties between different physiographic environments, such as 1) higher levels of clay fraction, 1.4 nm minerals, CEC, exchangeable bases and available Si as well as Mg- and Na-rich status in the brackish environments, 2) higher levels of available N in the riverine alluvium environment in the east coast , and 3) the excessive P accumulation in the acid sulfate soils. The long-term changes well appeared in the dramatic increase of P availability and the alleviation of soil acidity. In addition, the composition of exchangeable bases changed toward Ca-rich and Mg-low status. Large reduction in soil organic matter was found in the swamp environments while those in the riverine alluvium environment in the east coast were increased. It could be concluded that despite the successful increase in rice yield after the Green Revolution, the long-term changes in the paddy soil fertility showed positive and negative aspects depending on physiographic environments. Appropriate fertilizer application schemes taking into account different soil characteristics in different physiographic environments should be required to achieve both efficient, sustainable rice production and environmental conservation

Studies on the Cell-free Transmission of X-ray and 20-Methylcholanthrene-induced RF Mouse Leukemia

Incidence of leukemia in RF mice exposed to a single whole body irradiation of 350 r X-rays was 77.4%, 41 out of 53 animals. Of them, 20 developed the thymic and other 20 the non-thymic lymphocytic leukemia, while only one developed myelogenous leukemia. Incidence of leukemia by 20-methylcholanthrene painting was 88%, 22 out of 25 animals. Of them, 12 developed lymphocytic leukemia and other 10 myelogenous leukemia. Experiments of inoculating cell-free filtrate prepared from these X-ray and 20-methylcholanthrene-induced leukemic RF mice revealed the following facts. 1) Cell-free filtrates from the leukemic mice which were induced by a single whole body X-irradiation were inoculated to the newborn mice of the same strain less than 16 hours old. Two (16.7%) of the twelve incculated animals developed leukemia 357 th and 374 th days, respectively, after the inoculation. Inoculation of the cell-free filtrates from normal mice to the newborn mice of the same strain did not produce leukemia. 2) Attempts to inoculate cell-free filtrate from 20-methylcholanthrene-indeced leukemic RF mice to newborn mice of the same strain were successful. 3) Cell-free filtrate from myelogenous leukemic mouse caused lymphocytic leukemia in one of three inoculated mice. This is suggestive of the possibility of transformation of the type of leukemia during cell-free transmission. 4) Intracerebral inoculation of cell-free filtrate from the brain of a mouse with lymphocytic leukemia also produced lymphocytic leukemia in one of two inoculated mice. 5) Inoculation of cell-free filtrate from the leukemic mice developed mammary carcinoma in one of three inoculated female mice. 6) Serial cell-free passage in two generations of 20-methylcholanthrene-induced leukemic mouse was possible. One of two inoculated mice developed leukemia in the first transmission and one of eight inoculated mice in the second transmission. 7) Only two cases of spontaneous lymphocytic leukemia were observed in RF mice during the past four years and the cell-free transmission of one leukemic mouse was also successful. 8) Virus-like particles were demonstrated by electron microscope in the lymph nodes of 20-methylcholanthrene-induced leukemic mouse. These facts suggest that the X-ray and chemical carcinogens may act to induce leukemia or mammary carcinoma by the "activation" of a latent virus naturally resident in the RF mouse

Experimental Study on Shear Crack Width of RC Beam Members with High-Strength Shear Reinforcement

identifier:oai:t2r2.star.titech.ac.jp:5068417

Bond behavior of RC beams with curtailed bars confined with High-Strength Shear reinforcement

identifier:oai:t2r2.star.titech.ac.jp:5068418