A critical analysis of world bank gender mainstreaming in El Salvador

Since the late 1990s and into the new millennium, the World Bank has launched a series of initiatives that it claims demonstrates its commitment to gender equality through 'gender mainstreaming'. Gender mainstreaming is part of the 'human development' framework, and is supposed to be undertaken for the purpose of promoting greater poverty reduction and gender equality. There are, however, often discrepancies between stated objectives and concrete policy prescriptions. As pertaining to the tension between stated objectives and realities, in this thesis I investigate the friction between, on the one hand, the World Bank's commitment to poverty reduction and gender equality through mainstreaming and, on the other, its' overarching neoliberal framework for development initiatives. I trace the colonization process and draw parallels from this historical advancement and the current 'development framework' in the form of neoliberalism. The main goal is to facilitate an understanding to the extent to which gender mainstreaming within the workings of the Bank is capable of making improvements to the lives of girls and women in El Salvador, and in what shape and form these advancements are made. I employ the use of a feminist-Gramscian framework to analytically deconstruct the World Bank's proposals, its policy prescriptions and the theory of neoclassical economic theory that informs neoliberalism. I supplement these deconstructions with observations drawn from field research on mainstreaming initiatives in El Salvador. I conclude that gender mainstreaming is being embraced so as to silence opposition to the neoliberal model of developmen

Behind the counter : migration, labour policy and temporary work in a global fast food chain

This dissertation explores the shift from local to global recruitment practices in western Canada’s low-waged service sector, with fast food and Tim Hortons serving as the industry and case study for this project. By examining the recent expansion to Canada’s Temporary Foreign Worker Program, I show how a market-driven immigration program is resulting in new flows of workers entering Canada for low-waged occupations like fast food service. These workers are primarily young, educated, eager and able-bodied male and female migrant workers recruited disproportionately from the Philippines. They are new in the sense that they are part of a highly qualified flow of migrants who no longer have the opportunity to permanently immigrate and become full members of the Canadian polity. They enter Canada in pursuit of the classical immigrant dream only to discover that the context of reception has changed. They are recruited through a labour migration program that offers migrants few if any opportunities to transition from temporary to permanent residency status, and one that encourages migrants to compete for permanent residency within the worksite, at improbable odds. This study draws from 62 semi-structured interviews, ethnographic field research conducted in Canada and the Philippines, and freedom of information data gathered on Tim Hortons’ recruitment practices of migrant workers in Alberta and British Columbia. I show how: the tourism and hospitality industry was instrumental for institutionalizing an employer-friendly market driven immigration program; how the Filipino migration apparatus seeks to deliver culturally appropriate workers to foreign employers; how the turn to migrant labour by fast food is providing employers with young, able-bodied and an industry-preferred workforce; and how the Canadian dream operates to enlist the consent of migrant workers within the worksite. This study has implications beyond fast food and western Canada given the proliferation of migrant worker programs on a global scale, and the status of Canada and the Philippines as model immigration and labour programs.Arts, Faculty ofSociology, Department ofGraduat