A Proposal Approach for Enhanced Route Stability in MANET Using AODV Protocol

A MANET is an autonomous collection of mobile users that communicate over relatively bandwidth restricted wireless links. Since the nodes in topology are mobile, the network might change rapidly and unpredictably with time. Due to mobility of nodes in a network, the path stability is disturbed and hence the link breakage occurs. In this paper, an estimated time based stable routing methodology is proposed with the help of flowchart, which further will improve breakage of link and hence the lifetime of the network will increase considerably

A Novel Methodology for Route Stability Using AODV in MANET

A MANET is an autonomous collection of mobile users that communicate over relatively bandwidth restricted wireless links. Since the nodes in topology are mobile, the network might change rapidly and unpredictably with time. The network is decentralized; where all network activities including discovering the topology and delivering messages must be executed by the nodes themselves i.e. route discovering functionality will be incorporated into mobile nodes. But, due to mobility of nodes in a network, the path stability is disturbed and hence the link breakage occurs. In this research work, the signal strength is continuously measured till the node go out of range. Then, time is noticed and if time limit is below threshold value, then the path is not selected. On the other hand, if the value of time limit is above threshold, the path is selected and hence the less breakage occurs in that case

Fatty acid composition and genome-wide associations of a chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) diversity panel for biofortification efforts

Abstract Chickpea is a nutritionally dense pulse crop with high levels of protein, carbohydrates, micronutrients and low levels of fats. Chickpea fatty acids are associated with a reduced risk of obesity, blood cholesterol, and cardiovascular diseases in humans. We measured four primary chickpea fatty acids; palmitic acid (PA), linoleic acid (LA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and oleic acid (OA), which are crucial for human health and plant stress responses in a chickpea diversity panel with 256 accessions (Kabuli and desi types). A wide concentration range was found for PA (450.7–912.6 mg/100 g), LA (1605.7–3459.9 mg/100 g), ALA (416.4–864.5 mg/100 g), and OA (1035.5–1907.2 mg/100 g). The percent recommended daily allowances also varied for PA (3.3–6.8%), LA (21.4–46.1%), ALA (34.7–72%), and OA (4.3–7.9%). Weak correlations were found among fatty acids. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were conducted using genotyping-by-sequencing data. Five significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified for PA. Admixture population structure analysis revealed seven subpopulations based on ancestral diversity in this panel. This is the first reported study to characterize fatty acid profiles across a chickpea diversity panel and perform GWAS to detect associations between genetic markers and concentrations of selected fatty acids. These findings demonstrate biofortification of chickpea fatty acids is possible using conventional and genomic breeding techniques, to develop superior cultivars with better fatty acid profiles for improved human health and plant stress responses